Time-varying convergences of environmental footprint levels between European countries

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Küçük Resim

Tarih

2021

Dergi Başlığı

Dergi ISSN

Cilt Başlığı

Yayıncı

MDPI AG

Erişim Hakkı

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Özet

This study proposes the time-varying nonlinear panel unit root test to investigate the convergence of ecological foot prints between the EU and candidate countries. Sixteen European countries (such as Albania, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden and Turkey) and analysis periods are selected according to data availability. This study proposes a cross-sectional Panel KSS with Fourier to test the convergence of the ecological footprints. Then, we combine this methodology with the rolling window method to take into account the time-varying stationarity of series. This study evaluated sub-components of ecological footprints separately and provided more comprehensive findings for the ecological footprint. According to empirical findings, this study proves that convergence or divergence does not show continuity over time. On the other side, this study points out the presence of divergence draws attention when considering the properties of the sub-components in general. As a result, this study shows that international policies by EU countries are generally accepted as successful to reduce ecological footprint, but these are not sufficient as expected. In this point, it is suggested to keep national policies to support international policies in the long term. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Açıklama

Anahtar Kelimeler

Convergence, Environmental footprint, Nonlinear unit root test, Rolling window, Time-varying, Ecology, Data availability, Ecological footprint, Empirical findings, Environmental footprints, European Countries, International policies, National policies, Nonlinear panels, Environmental protection

Kaynak

Energies

WoS Q Değeri

Q3

Scopus Q Değeri

Q1

Cilt

14

Sayı

7

Künye