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Öğe A Novel Molecule: 1-(2,6 Dichlorobenzyl)-4-(2-(2-4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl)pyridinium Chloride and its Interaction with DNA(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2021) Karasakal, Ayça; Parlar, Sulunay; Alptüzün, Vildan; Çetin, Arif E.; Topkaya, Seda NurHerein, a novel pyridine derivative, 1-(2,6 dichlorobenzyl)-4-(2-(2-4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl)pyridinium chloride (DHPC), was synthesized as a candidate drug molecule. Interaction of DHPC with DNA was used to explore its effect on DNA via Differential Pulse Voltammetry, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. We demonstrated that oxidation signal of guanine bases of DNA decreased significantly while that of DHPC increased after its interaction with one another. Our candidate drug molecule exhibits LOD and LOQ, e.g., 1.5 mu g/mL and 4.9 mu g/mL, respectively. Toxicity effect value for DHPC (S%) was calculated as %31, demonstrating the candidate drug molecule's toxic effect on DNA.Öğe Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and total flavonoid contents of Cirsium bulgaricum DC. leaf extracts(Marmara Univ, Fac Pharmacy, 2015) Karasakal, Ayça; Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Demirok, Nazan Tokatlı; Cabi, EvrenIn this study, the antioxidant activities of methanol and acetone extracts of Cirsium bulgaricum DC. (Asteraceae) were evaluated by five antioxidant assays, including phosphomolybdate method, cupric ion reducing capacity (CUPRAC), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)/persulfate) ABTS/Persulfate, N,N-dimethyl-pphenylenediamine (DMPD) and a Ce(IV)-based reducing capacity (CERAC) methods. The 80% methanol and acetone extracts showed 0.005-6.16 +/- 0.03 mmol/g and 0.004-5.02 +/- 0.02 [(trolox (TR), catechin (CT), epicatechin (EC), rutin (RT), quercetin (QR), naringin (NG) in CUPRAC and ABTS/Persulfate methods, respectively]. According to DMPD methods, inhibition effect were showed 2.3%+/- 0.02 for 80% methanol and 4.6%+/- 0.07 for acetone. Ascorbic acid equivalent mmol (AA)/g extract in CERAC method was found to be 0.0834 +/- 0.09 for 80% methanol and 0.5622 +/- 0.05 for acetone. Ascorbic acid equivalent mu g ascorbic acid (AA) / mL extract were found 807.6 +/- 0.07 for 80% methanol and 292.4 +/- 0.01 for acetone in phpsphomolybdate method. In the addition to the antioxidant activity of the extract, the total flavonoid content was measured. Total flavonoid content of 80% methanol and acetone extracts was found to be 105.5-645 +/- 0.04 mu g/ml quercetin and rutin equivalent. For the determination of antibacterial activities Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli(E. coli) O157:H7 ATCC 33150, Salmonella Enteritidis(S. Enteritidis) ATCC 1 3 0 7 6, Listeria monocytogenes(L. monocytogenes) ATCC 7 6 4 4, Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) ATCC 25923 bacteria were used as test bacteria. Acetone extracts showed antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacteria ranged between 17.00 +/- 1.72-19.88 +/- 1.75 mm and 80% methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacteria ranged between 11.35 +/- 1.43-14.43 +/- 1.32 mm.Öğe Determination of antioxidant activities, total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, ? carotene and lycopene contents, essential and toxic elements in commercial cornelian cherry marmalades(International Congress of Chemistry and Environment, 2015) Karasakal, AyçaCornelian cherry fruit have taken great attention for their health benefits in the last years. The purpose of this study is to analyse the antioxidant activities, total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin ?-carotene and lycopene contents, essential and toxic elements contents of cornelian cherry marmalades sold in the Turkish markets. Cornelian cherry marmalades were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Ferrous ion-chelating activity, ?-carotene and lycopene contents were analyzed. Total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were measured spectrophotometrically. In addition, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the determination of minor and major elements present in Cornelian cherry marmalades. Prior to ICP-MS measurement, the samples were digested in a wet digestion system. The ICP-MS method was validated and optimized for the determination of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn, Mg, K, B, Ca, Na and P in Cornelian cherry marmalades. Extraction experiments were carried out with methanol and were mixed by magnetic stirrer during 1h.Öğe Determination of Arsenic in Helianthus Annuus L. By Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(Global Network Environmental Science & Technology, 2015) Gulay, S.; Karasakal, Ayça; Yıldız, K.This study represents new research on the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) including new data on arsenic contents in Ergene River Basin. In this study, the concentrations of arsenic in soil and sunflower plant have been investigated. The area has suffered significant pollution as a result of industrial and agricultural activities in Turkey. Sunflower are produced in this area that approximately %70 in Turkey. Arsenic concentrations in H.annuus L. plants collected from different regions in Turkey were determined by hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) after microwave-assisted acid digestion of samples. The accuracy of the techniques was evaluated by using certified reference materials; NIM-GBW07404 (GSS-4) for soil and WEPAL-IPE-168 for sunflower plant. The precision of the technique, expressed as relative standard deviation, was less than 8% for HGAAS. Concentrations of total arsenic in root, seed, and soil collected from different regions were in the range of 0.01-2.82 mg kg(-1) for H. annuus L. growing in Turkey in 2010 and 2011.Öğe Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Common Fruits, Herbal Tea by Using Cuprac and Cerac Methods(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2012) Karasakal, Ayça; Gürkan, Yelda YalçınThe method used to determine the ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehlydroascorbic acid with the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ceric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CERAC) reagent of total antioxidant capacity assay. The antioxidant capacity indicates the degree of protection of a certain organism against oxidative damage provoked by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These methods were applied to a number of commercial fruits and blackberry herbal tea. The findings of cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity method are statistically compared to those of the ceric-reducing antioxidant capacity method, which is a relatively. new one. In addition to this, we were also investigated the kinetic degradation of the ascorbic acid in a certain type of fruit juice.Öğe Determination of Major, Minor, and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruits by ICP-OES After Different Microwave Acid Digestion Methods(Springer, 2021) Karasakal, AyçaFruits contain nutrients, minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and phytochemicals that are important in terms of human health. When fruits are consumed in a balanced diet, they have a positive effect with regard to reducing disease risk. As a result of heavy metal contamination of the environment, they can be a potential source of toxic elements so it is important to determine the toxic, essential, and trace elements in fresh fruit and commercial fruit products such as fruit juice, marmalade. This study aims to determine the concentrations of Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, P, and S in tropical fruits (tamarind (Tamarindus indica), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), golden berry (Physalis peruviana), kumquat (Citrus japonica), dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)) by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after different microwave acid digestion procedures. The efficiencies of digestion in tropical fruit samples were investigated and compared. Six milliliters of HNO3 + 2 mL of H2O2, 6 mL of HNO3 + 2 mL of HCl, 8 mL of HNO3, 8 mL of HNO3 + 4 mL of H2O2(30%), 8 mL of HNO3 + 4 mL of HCl, and 12 mL of HNO(3)were used for microwave acid digestion procedures. Microwave digestion procedures were applied for the analysis of seventy-two tropical fruit samples purchased in triplicate for each tropical fruit and major, toxic, and minor element contents of tropical fruits were determined. The parameters of the merit evaluated were validated according to limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ), linearity, recovery, and precision. The highest results of LOD and LOQ were found for Ca, K, Na, Mg, and S. The recovery percentages are in the range from 71.01 to 117.31% in tropical fruits. The digestion efficiency was correlated with the residual carbon content, which was determined by total organic carbon analyzer (TOC). Six milliliters of HNO3 + 2 mL of HCl digestion method was chosen as the effective digestion method because of the lowest residual carbon contents and the accuracy results.Öğe Determination of total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds of Helianthus annuus L. growing in Turkey(Dr Jyoti Garg, 2013) Karasakal, AyçaL- Ascorbic acid (AA: vitamin C) is the most important vitamin for human nutrition supplied by fruits and vegetables and is the main water-soluble antioxidant in human plasma. AA is reversibly oxidized to form dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) which also exhibits biological activity. As a potent antioxidant, AA scavenges reactive oxygen species including superoxide, protects isolated LDL against oxidative modification and plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular redox status. Helianthus Annuus L. is also a good source of manganese, magnesium, copper, tryptophan, phosphorous, zinc, selenium, foliate, iron, potassium, calcium, vitamin E, thiamine, vitamin B1, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B5, vitamin B6 and traces of Vitamin C. The aim of this study was to measure antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds of Helianthus Annuus L., collected from different regions by using CERAC (ceric reducing antioxidant capacity) and CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) method. The results of total antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds were found in the range of 0.012-0.254 mmol AA/g and 1043-1120 mg GA/100gÖğe Determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Rosehip (R. arvensis Huds) Growing in Turkey and Rosehip Species by Using CUPRAC Spectrophotometric Method(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2013) Karasakal, Ayça; Gürkan, Yelda YalçınL-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the most important vitamin for human nutrition supplied by fruits and vegetables, and is the main water-soluble antioxidant in human plasma. L-Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to form dehydroascorbic acid, which also exhibits biological activity. As a potent antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid scavenges reactive oxygen species including superoxide, protects isolated low density lipoprotein against oxidative modification and plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular redox status. The aim of this study was to measure antioxidant capacity of R. arvensis Huds and rosehip species, by using CUPRAC (the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) spectrophotometric method.Öğe Determination of total selenium in Helianthus Annuus L. in Turkey during 2 years by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)(International Congress of Chemistry and Environment, 2014) Karasakal, Ayça; Seren, Gamze Yıldız; Kalebasi, Y.The purpose of this study was to estimate total selenium concentration in Helianthus Annuus L. collected from different regions in Turkey by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), prior to microwave digestion. The accuracy of the techniques was evaluated by using certified reference material NIM-GBW07404 (GSS-4) and WEPAL-IPE-168 for soil and sunflower plant . The precision of the techniques, expressed as relative standard deviation, was observed under 8 % for GFAAS measurements. The concentrations of total selenium in plant , seed and soil collected from different regions were found in the range of 0.10-1.76 mg/kg for Helianthus Annuus L. in Turkey during 2 years.Öğe Determination of Trace and Major Elements in Vegan Milk and Oils by ICP-OES After Microwave Digestion(Humana Press Inc, 2020) Karasakal, AyçaIncreasing technological developments also bring about environmental pollution. Heavy metals and metallic compounds, as a result of soil, water, and air industrialization, pass through to people and animals through the food chain and have a negative impact on health. In this study, the concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, B, Mn, Zn, Al, S, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, W, and Hg in commercial vegan milk (soybean milk, coconut milk, and almond milk) and oils (soybean oil, coconut oil, bitter almond oil, sweet almond oil, and walnut oil) were determinated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry after microwave digestion. In order to compare the efficiencies of digestion in vegan milk and oil samples, 6 mL of HNO3 (conc.), 3 mL of H2O2 (30%); 7 mL of HNO3 (conc.), 3.5 mL of H2O2 (30%), and 8 mL of HNO3 (conc.), 4 mL of H2O2 (30%) were used in microwave digestion procedures. The proposed procedures were applied to the analysis of 81 vegan milk and 125 vegan oil samples covering three different brands in Turkey. Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Sb, and Sn concentrations in vegan milks ranged (minimum-maximum in ppm) as follows: 307.4-501.2, 1.8-15.6, 478.8-1300.4, 276.3-1189, 197-797.8, 18.7-241.4, 0.09-0.42, 0-0.58, 0.02-1.06, 0.34-1.56, 0.26-0.67, and 3.4-30.4 ppm, respectively. The results of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Mn, Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Sb, and Sn concentrations in vegan oils (minimum-maximum in ppm) ranged as follows: 6.8-31.2, 403.5-425.2, 142.8-160.4, 71.65-149.8, 0.35-0.85, 14.2-35.2, 0.02-0.27, 0.07-0.36, 1.90-4.64, 0.92-5.36, 0.01-0.05, 1.02-1.66, and 21.2, 35.0 ppm, respectively. Vegan milk contents except for Se, Fe, Sb, and Sn in this study were higher than vegan oil contents. The methods were validated by linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision, and analyzing certified reference material (NIST SRM-3235), soybean milk. The highest values of LOD were found Pb, P, and Bi, and the highest values of LOQ were found Mo, Pb, and Sb.Öğe Determination of vitamin e (alpha-tocopherol) in canola oils by high performance liquid chromatography(Georg Thieme Verlag Kg, 2011) Karasakal, Ayça; Seren, Gamze Yıldız[No Abstract Available]Öğe Determination of Vitamin E in Canola Seeds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2012) Karasakal, Ayça; Gürkan, Yelda YalçınTocopherols (vitamin E) are natural phenolic antioxidants present in vegetable oils and are responsible for many healthful properties of these foods. They are effective radical scavengers and defend the body against free radical attack by protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin E plays an important role at the intracellular level since its deficiency increases membrane fragility and promotes the damage of membranes by oxygen-reactive species, ozone or other free radicals. The tocopherols belong to a group of structurally related compounds called tocols. Foods such as nuts, seeds, some grains and vegetable oils are good sources of natural tocopherol antioxidants. The various tocopherols may exist in a free or a esterified form. In seed oils, they are mainly present in the free state and the level of antioxidant materials is of great importance in the stability of vegetable oil products. It is known that vitamin E activity decreases while the antioxidant activity increases in the order alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols. Canola is one of the most important oil seeds growing in many parts of the world. It is very important to grow canola with high oil levels for agronomical benefits. There is a growing interest for the use of oil seeds for nutritional, industrial and pharmaceutical usages. The world production of canola oil is higher than soybean and sunflower. In this study an effective high performance liquid chromatography method for measuring alpha-tocopherol in canola gathered from different region.Öğe Development and validation of a sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of amoxapine in human plasma and urine(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Karasakal, Ayça; Ulu, Sevgi TatarA selective and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the determination of amoxapine in human plasma and urine. The developed method is based on labeling with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride) and monitoring at 397nm (excitation)/514nm (emission). The method was validated for linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 250-2500 and 50-1250ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The LOD values were calculated to be 13.31 and 13.17ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The proposed method was applied to study of amoxapine in human plasma and urine. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Öğe Development and validation of a sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of cilazapril of human plasma, urine, in pure and pharmaceutical preparations(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2015) Karasakal, AyçaA selective and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the determination of cilazapril in human plasma urine, in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method is based on derivatization using 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl chloride (dansyl chloride) as fluorogenic agent and measuring the fluorescence of the products at emission wavelengths of 503 nm after excitation at 374 nm. The method was validated for linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, recovery. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 100-500 and 50-250 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The limits of detection were calculated to be 0.26 and 31.59 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The proposed method was applied to study of cilazapril in pure, human plasma, urine, and pharmaceutical preparations.Öğe Development and validation of first and zero order derivative spectrophotometric methods for the determination of rilmenidine in pharmaceutical preparations and forced degradation study(Marmara Univ, 2019) Karasakal, Ayça; Özdemir, ElifZero and first order derivative spectrophotometric methods were developed for the analysis of rilmenidine in pharmaceutical preparations. Absorbances of rilmenidine were measured at 224 rim for the zero order by measuring height of peak from zero and at 223.20 and 230.20 nm for the first order derivative spectrophotometric method by measuring peak to peak height. The linearity ranges were found to be 50-250 mu g/mL for zero and first order spectrophotometric method. The developed methods were validated and the analytical parameters of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and recovery were evaluated. In addition, Rilmenidine exposed to the stress conditions of acid, base and oxidative in order to calculate to degradation % by developed zero and first order derivative spectrophotometric method.Öğe Electrochemical Characteristics of a Novel Pyridinium Salt as a Candidate Drug Molecule and Its Interaction with DNA(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2020) Topkaya, Seda Nur; Karasakal, Ayça; Çetin, Arif E.; Parlar, Sülünay; Alptüzün, VildanIn this article, for the first time, the electrochemical properties of a novel pyridine derivative, 4-(2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)-1-(3-phenylpropyl) pyridinium bromide (abbreviated as 4-Pyri), and its interaction with double stranded DNA (dsDNA) was investigated. The interaction between candidate drug molecule (4-Pyri) and dsDNA was analyzed by examining 4-Pyri (+0.6 V and +0.8 V) and guanine (+1.0 V) oxidation signal changes with Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to show the resistance changes before and after the interaction between 4-Pyri and dsDNA. We showed that after the interaction with 4-Pyri, the oxidation currents of guanine decreased dramatically, whereas the intrinsic oxidation currents of 4-Pyri dramatically increased. 4-Pyri oxidation current differences before and after the interaction with dsDNA enabled us to determine such interaction separately from guanine oxidation signals. In addition, resistance differences were observed at before and after the interaction with each other that confirmed the possible interaction. In addition, toxicity effect (S%) value, which is an important parameter for electrochemical studies indicated 4-Pyri's toxicity to dsDNA. Our results demonstrated that 4-Pyri interacts with dsDNA, and could be used as a potential candidate drug molecule due to its remarkable impact on dsDNA.Öğe Evaluation of Antioxidant activities of Brassica napus's seeds by CUPRAC, ABTS/Persulphate and DMPD methods(Marmara Univ, Fac Pharmacy, 2015) Karasakal, AyçaThe antioxidant activities of the extracts prepared from Brassica napus's seeds (canola seeds) was determined in this study. Brassica napus's seeds were collected from eight different regions of Turkey. Extraction experiments were carried out with 100% hexane, 100% acetone, 100% methanol, 100% ethanol, % 75 hexane-water, % 75 acetone-water, 75% methanol-water, 75% ethanol-water, % 50 hexane-water, 50% acetone-water, 50% methanol-water, 50% ethanol-water at 25 degrees C overnight and were mixed by magnetic stirrer during 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h to determine optimal extraction conditions. According to the results of UV/VIS spectra, 100% hexane extraction managed at 25 degrees C overnight was chosen for working with ABTS/Persulphate, N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) and CUPRAC methods. CUPRAC and ABTS/Persulphate methods's total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were calculated as Trolox equivalent. In DMPD method, antioxidant capacity of the extracts was determined by inhibition of DMPD radical cation. DMPD method analysis results of Brassica napus's seeds showed the greatest effectiveness, with inhibition values of 2.00 +/- 0.07% and 17.1 +/- 0.03%. The antioxidant activities of Brassica napus's seeds ranged from 0.29 +/- 0.04 mol/g and 0.48 +/- 0.01 mol/g for CUPRAC method and 0.36 +/- 0.01 mol/g and 0.55 +/- 0.05 mol/g for ABTS/Persulphate method.Öğe First order derivative spectrophotometric method for the determination of benidipine hydrochloride pharmaceutical preparations and forced degradation study(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2015) Karasakal, AyçaA simple and rapid first order derivative spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of benidipine hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical preparations. For the first derivative spectrophotometric method, the distances between two extremum values l (peak-to-peak amplitudes), 230.2/241.5 nm. The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines with respect to linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision (intra- and inter-day) and recovery were evaluated. The linearity of the method was in the range of 0.2-2.0 mu g/mL. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.58 and 1.73 mu g/mL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, forced degradation studies were performed on the benidipine hydrochloride drag substance. The drug substance was exposed to the stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid and base).Öğe Forced Degradation Studies of Nateglinide by the First-Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Method and the Density Functional Theory of the Nateglinide Molecule(Springer, 2022) Karasakal, Ayça; Gürkan, Yelda YalçınNateglinide (NAT) is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We evaluated the NAT stability under various forced degradation tests (acidic, basic) and predicted the degradation mechanism of the NAT molecule in the gaseous phase and aqueous media. A first-order derivative spectrophotometric method was used for the identification of NAT and the products of its degradation. NAT appeared to be stable in acidic but not in basic media. A probable reaction path of the NAT molecule with OH radicals was analyzed. The optimized geometry was calculated with Gauss View 5. Subsequently, the lowest energy status was determined through geometric optimization using Gaussian 09 software. Aiming to determine the intermediates in the photocatalytic degradation mechanism, the geometric optimization of the molecule was realized using the density functional theory method. The activation energy for the probable reaction path was calculated, and their most stable state from the thermodynamic perspective was determined for the gaseous phase and aqueous media. The predicted mechanism was confirmed by comparison with the experimental results on simple structures reported in the literature.Öğe Metal nanoparticles for miRNA detection(Marmara Univ, 2022) Karasakal, AyçaBiosensing can be used for analysis, diagnosis and determination of biological target structures. But the improvement of sensitivity and sensing threshold is an important problem to overcome. It is possible to solve this problem with metal nanoparticles, in some linear response range while decreasing the threshold value. The synthesis of nanostructured materials, especially metallic nanoparticles, has accrued utmost interest over the past decade owing to their unique properties that make them applicable in different fields of science and technology. The article is divided into subsections on sensors based on nanoparticles made from Au, Cu and other metals for miRNA detection.
