Characterization of almond processing residues from the Central Valley of California for thermal conversion

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dc.authorid0000-0002-0490-3210
dc.authorid0000-0002-9267-5798
dc.authorscopusid20336671700
dc.authorscopusid6603823005
dc.authorscopusid57203774483
dc.authorscopusid6505742516
dc.authorscopusid57026476400
dc.authorscopusid7102927027
dc.contributor.authorAktaş, Türkan
dc.contributor.authorThy, Peter
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, R. B.
dc.contributor.authorMcCaffrey, Zach
dc.contributor.authorKhatami, R.
dc.contributor.authorJenkins, B. M.
dc.date.accessioned2022-05-11T14:43:43Z
dc.date.available2022-05-11T14:43:43Z
dc.date.issued2015
dc.departmentFakülteler, Ziraat Fakültesi, Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.description.abstractCharacterization of biomass relevant to thermochemical conversion processes and other applications is critical to the design and proper operation of energy conversion, biorefining, and other facilities, especially in regard to estimating critical problems related to fouling and slagging from ash constituents. Residue feedstock from almond production was obtained from seven huller and sheller facilities located throughout the Central Valley of California. Results of proximate (moisture, ash, volatile and fixed carbon content), ultimate (C, H, N, S, O composition), heating value, major and trace elements, and melting behavior analyses (all reported on a wt.% dry basis) reveal many similarities and also differences that potentially affect their utilization. The moisture content of air-dried feedstock is an average of 9.7% with only the separated hull material having a higher value (12.2%) and the fine component (<2 mm) a lower value (8.2%) on an as received basis. The volatile matter is relatively constant (72-76%). The ash content reflects a variable soil component in most fractions with a low average in hell of 3.5% and increasing to 22% in the fine fraction. The elemental C/O ratio is constant at about 1.15 and only appears slightly higher in the woody fraction (1.21). Nitrogen (0.4-0.8%) and sulfur (0.2-0.3%) are elevated compared to many other types of biomass, with the large variation in N probably related to irrigation water source and fertilization practices. Chlorine is generally low (<0.05) and varies without KCl control in both the crude feedstock and the ash. The ash of the almond biomass is very high in K, varying between 18-36% and only S, Ca, and Preaching substantial amounts. The trace element concentrations are mostly well below local soil compositions with only Ga, Sr, and Cu well above and thus suggest few, if any, regulatory utilization challenges. The elevated feedstock concentrations of S and N may be sufficient to cause some environmental concern for certain types of thermal conversion processes, mostly in relation to NOx and SOx emissions. The high ash content together with the very high K content can cause adverse bed behavior, corrosion, and fouling in boilers, despite the relatively high ash melting temperatures (>1100 degrees C) suggested by pellet fusibility test. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
dc.description.sponsorshipCalifornia Energy Commission; California Institute for Energy and the Environment
dc.description.sponsorshipWe thank Kelly Covello of the Almond Hullers & Processors Association for arranging visits to member facilities throughout the state for interviews and sample collection. This work was funded in part by the California Energy Commission and the California Institute for Energy and the Environment. The XRF analyses were done by Activation Laboratories Ltd, Ontario, Canada, the INAA analyses at the UC Davis McClellan Nuclear Research Center, and the ICPMS analyses at the UC Davis Interdisciplinary Center for Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.030
dc.identifier.endpage147
dc.identifier.issn0378-3820
dc.identifier.issn1873-7188
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-84941925416
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage132
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.030
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11776/9703
dc.identifier.volume140
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000363354000017
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.institutionauthorAktaş, Türkan
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofFuel Processing Technology
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subjectBiomass
dc.subjectAlmond processing
dc.subjectResidues
dc.subjectShell
dc.subjectHull
dc.subjectWood
dc.subjectProperties
dc.subjectThermal conversion
dc.subjectPotassium utilization
dc.subjectTemperature Elemental Losses
dc.subjectInorganic Composition
dc.subjectMelting Behavior
dc.subjectBiomass
dc.subjectCombustion
dc.subjectAgglomeration
dc.subjectShell
dc.subjectBed
dc.titleCharacterization of almond processing residues from the Central Valley of California for thermal conversion
dc.typeArticle

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