Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Koleskiyonu
Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI
Güncel Gönderiler
Öğe The Reflection of Ancient Ages Ganos Mountain Byzantine Amphoras on Fabric and Clothing Design(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Yıldız, DilberMount Ganos, once known as the Holy Mountain for Christians, is where sailors traveling through the Sea of Marmara halted for the cross. Since the Byzantine period, pottery has been made in Hora and Ganos for over a thousand years. Amphora workshops from the Byzantine era arose in Hoskoy (Hora) and Gazikoy (Ganos). In ancient times, many ships carrying Amphora filled with wine from this region were caught in the strong winds of the Marmara Sea and sank. The surface structure of Ganos amphoras, which number in the hundreds at the sea's bottom, has evolved through time, resulting in changes in their surfaces due to the effects of saltwater, waves, and seashells. Many artifacts and amphora from prehistoric periods to the Byzantine Period are on display in the Tekirdag Archeology and Ethnography Museum. The goal of the research is to generate unique fabric and garment patterns by using the shifting surface shapes of amphora as inspiration for textile surfaces. Fabric surfaces resembling the textures of these antique amphora were constructed utilizing organic cotton material in this direction, and innovative garment designs were created employing these surfaces.Öğe The improved diesel-like fuel from upgraded tire pyrolytic oil(Serbian Chemical Society, 2022) Vural, U.S.; Uysal, S.; Yinanc, A.Tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) obtained from thermal pyrolysis of scrap tires is not a diesel equivalent fuel which can be used directly in vehicles due to its high density, viscosity, sulfur content, low flash point and low cetane index. It can only be used in a limited way by mixing with diesel fuel (DF) in amounts less than 30 %. In this study, the pyrolysis of scrap tires was carried out at a heating rates of 5 and 10 °C min-1 in the range of 450–600 °C, using a mixture of hierarchical zeolite (HZSM-5), mesoporous silica (MCM-41) and quicklime (CaO) as the catalyst. The obtained TPO and catalytic pyrolytic oil (CPO) were upgraded by pre-treatment, and distillation consisting of a mixture of Cu(I)-loaded mesoporous aluminosilicate (Cu(I)–MAS) and MCM-41, desulfurization and decolourization steps, respectively. To obtain diesel-like fuel, the upgraded catalytic pyrolytic oil (UCPO) and biodiesel (PBD) obtained from palm oil were blended in certain proportions. Density, viscosity, flash point and cetane index of the obtained diesel-like fuels were found within the limit values of diesel fuel. © 2022 Serbian Chemical Society. All rights reserved.Öğe RSM modeling of different amounts of nano-TiO2 supplementation to a diesel engine running with hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Uslu, Samet; Şimşek, Süleyman; Şimşek, HaticeIn this study, experiments were performed on a single-cylinder diesel engine to define the optimum nanoparticle ratio using the response surface methodology. The experimental fuels used were a mixture of hemp seed oil biodiesel (30% by volume) and diesel (70% by volume) mixed with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at various amounts (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm). The addition of 100 ppm titanium dioxide increased brake thermal efficiency by 29.65% and decreased brake specific fuel consumption by 5.16%. Furthermore, the addition of titanium dioxide up to 50 ppm reduced hydrocarbon emission by 12.07%, and up to 75 ppm reduced the carbon monoxide by 40.15%. In contrast, the titanium dioxide caused an average of 27% increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. On the other hand, the optimum titanium dioxide ratio and engine load were determined as 75 ppm and 2000 W, respectively. Under these conditions, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke emissions are 27.942%, 1081.51 g/kWh, 0.057%, 40.293 ppm, 257.3742 ppm, and 0.7064%, respectively. Optimum results were achieved with an overall high desirability value of 0.7665. A good harmony among the experimental and estimated response values demonstrates the acceptability of the developed models.Öğe Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of hexane extract of Genista januensis var. lydia(Bulgarska Akademiya na Naukite, 2022) Çakır, C.; Orak, Hakime Hülya; Argon, M.; Çalışkan, H.; Sabudak, Temine; Öztürk, M.; Güler, N.The genus Genista L. (Fabaceae) has been of interest for human beings since ancient times with its cosmopolitan distribution. Since ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase are the chief enzymes of diabetes mellitus, this study aims to study the ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase inhibitory potential and antioxidant activity of Genista januensis var. lydia grown in the Trakya region. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study on G. januensis var. lydia up to date. The ?-amylase/?-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of the hexane extract of G. januensis var. lydia were studied by spectroscopic in vitro experiments to search the potential relationships of both activities. © 2022 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Union of Chemists in Bulgaria.Öğe Response surface methodology-based parameter optimization of single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with graphene oxide dosed sesame oil/diesel fuel blend(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Şimsek, Süleyman; Uslu, Samet; Şimşek, HaticeIn this study, an experimental study was carried out to determine the effects of adding different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) on engine characteristics to a single-cylinder diesel engine operating with 30% sesame oil (SO) + 70% diesel fuel mixture. After that, an optimization was carried out with response surface methodology (RSM) to determine optimum operating conditions at different engine loads. Experimental results showed that GO nanoparticle is a good addition for diesel–biodiesel blends to enhance the performance and reduce emissions. The most appropriate amount of GO is between 75 ppm and 100 ppm for the performance characteristics. The optimal amount of GO for power is 75 ppm, while for brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) it is 100 ppm. In addition, the maximum GO amount of 100 ppm is the most suitable for carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC), and 75 ppm GO amount is the most appropriate for nitrogen oxides (NOx). On the other hand, optimization results revealed that 100 ppm GO at 1950 W load was optimum conditions for all responses. The responses that emerged under optimum conditions were 1746.77 W, 968.73 g/kWh, 259.8 ?C, 0.0603%, 23.13 ppm and 185.61 ppm for power, BSFC, EGT, CO, HC, and NOx, respectively. According to the validation study, the error between the optimum and experimental results is 4.69% maximum. According to the findings of study, it can be concluded that the RSM model can successfully model a single-cylinder diesel engine and thus save time, and money. © 2022Öğe Multi-criteria land use suitability analysis for the spatial distribution of cattle farming under land use change modeling scenarios in Thrace Region, Turkey(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Altürk, Bahadır; Kurc, Hüseyin Cömert; Konukcu, F.; Kocaman, I.Land use suitability for cattle farming is critical in sustainable land use planning and minimizing the environmental problems arising from farms. This study contributes to bridging the gap between classical application formulations that support livestock policies and rapid spatial analysis practices based on GIS-based technologies. In this regard, first, we determined land use suitability in the hot spot area of the Thrace Region/Turkey for cattle farms in 2019 with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using four main factors related to environmental and topographical conditions, land use and road data. Next, we overlapped land use suitability map for 2019 with CLUE-S land use change model scenarios maps namely Business as Usual (BaU), Economic Development (ED) and Ecosystem Services Protection (ES) to find the land use suitability areas and conversion of these areas for 2050. The results indicated that while 52.38% of the study area was unsuitable in 2019, this ratio will increase to 60.43%, 63.84% and 57.07% due to urbanization in BaU, ED and ES, respectively for 2050. However, highly suitable areas will decrease from 4.82% to 3.86% (BaU), 3.57% (ED) and 4.20% (ES) during 2019 and 2050. The areas close to pastures have high suitability while the areas in the fringe of urban–rural settlements, streams and intercity roads have low suitability. To minimize the negative impacts of urbanization and industrialization on suitable lands and ensure the development of the cattle farming sector in the study area, multi-criteria decision-making rules should be included in the spatial layout planning for the future. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Comparison of the changes in diesel engine characteristics caused by the addition of 2-EHN cetane improver according to the use of diesel and second-generation biodiesel(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Şimsek, Süleyman; Uslu, Samet; Şimşek, HaticeIn this experimental study, the effects of animal biodiesel (AB) and diesel mixtures in different proportions and the addition of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) at different percentages (1%, 2%, and 3%) as a fuel additive to these mixtures were investigated in terms of performance and emission characteristics. According to the experimental results, the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was obtained with 97 D + 3 2EHN as 26.99% at 3000 W engine load. At the same load, an increase of 7.58% was found compared to diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values increased with the addition of 2EHN to the diesel, while the addition of 2EHN to the AB resulted in a decrease in BSFC. In general, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased for all fuels compared to diesel, except for 97AB + 3 2EHN fuel. The lowest CO and HC emissions were obtained with 97 D + 3 2EHN as 0.022% and 13 ppm, respectively. HC emissions decreased by 67.77% and 60.6%. On the other hand, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were obtained with the lowest pure diesel fuel, while the smoke emissions were obtained the lowest with AB-containing fuels.Öğe FLOW OF WATER-BASED Cu, CuO, AND Al2O3 NANOFLUIDS HEATED WITH CONSTANT HEAT FLUX BETWEEN MICROPIPE(Vinca Inst Nuclear Sci, 2022) Şimşek, HaticeThis study aims to analytically measure the fully developed laminar flow and heat transfer the water-based nanofluids, Cu, CuO, and Al2O3, within a micropipe with constant heat flux, under the temperature jump and slip rate boundary conditions. Knudsen number, nanoparticle volumes, and ratios of liquid layer thickness to particle radius are assumed, 0, 0.02, 0.04; 0%, 4%, %8, and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, respectively. The findings suggest that adding nanoparticles to flow area has significant effect on both the velocity field and the heat transfer. There is a significant decline in the velocity both at the core and on the walls in the velocity area, due to the increase in the solid volume and the ratios of liquid layer thickness to particle radius after adding nanoparticles to flow area, and the increase of Nusselt number is significantly proportional to that of the solid volume and the ratios of liquid layer thickness to particle radius. Among the nanoparticles, Cu, CuO, and Al2O3, used as nanofluids within the micropipe, Cu is found to be the one with the highest heat transfer enhancement, followed by Al2O3, and CuO, respectively.Öğe Variations of genotypes of Vicia species as influenced by seed phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity(Lithuanian Research Centre Agriculture & Forestry, 2022) Orak, Hakime Hülya; Karamac, Magdalena; Amarowicz, Ryszard; Orak, Adnan; Janiak, Michal Adam; Tenikecier, Hazim SerkanThe phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of different Vicia species, which are cultivated in different areas of Turkey, and the diversity between analysed characters were investigated. For this purpose, 9 genotypes from three Vicia species: common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.), were used. The experiment was carried out to determine total phenolic content (TPC), content of individual phenolic compounds, to determine ABTS(center dot+) and DPPH center dot scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in methanol and acetone extracts of seeds. The TPC of vetch extracts was in range 11.18-30.42 mg GAE g(-1) (in methanol extract) and 17.05-59.88 mg GAE g(-1) (in acetone extract). Two V. sativa genotypes Cvoe and Cvke stood out among the others with regard to high TPC and antioxidant activity. They also had the highest content of individual hydroxybenzoic acids and flavones. All extracts of V. narbonensis genotypes were characterised by absence of flavones and low TPC and antioxidant activity. GGE biplot analysis revealed the differences of Vicia genotypes based on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The significant correlations among TEAC, FRAP and DPPH center dot scavenging activity and the content of hydroxybenzoic acids were found in both methanol and acetone extracts (P < 0.01). The genotypes were divided into three clusters in acetone extract and two clusters in methanol extract with similarity above 60% in each group by a hierarchical cluster analysis. These results demonstrated that the genotypic differences of Vicia species in terms of TPC and antioxidant activity can be a tool for feed technology studies for animal nutrition, animal welfare and meat quality.Öğe GIS-based spatial prediction of poor-drainage areas using frequency ratio: a case study of Tekirdag Province, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Özşahin, Emre; Altürk, Bahadır; Özdeş, Mehmet; Sarı, Hüseyin; Eroğlu, İlkerThe present study aims to identify the distribution and the sensibility ratios of the poorly drained areas of Tekirdag Province. GIS-based frequency ratio (FR) was used to detect areas that are likely to limit agricultural production due to poor drainage. Sensitive areas were identified and classified using susceptibility analysis. Spatial features were calculated and mapped using FR by combining the factors that could cause the drainage problem in the study area. The results indicated that the drainage conditions in the majority of the study area fall in well-drained (20.14%) and somewhat excessively drained (18.22%) classes. Furthermore, the study area was found to be 50.99% well suited, 11.66% suited, 13.35% moderately suited, and 24.00% unsuited, respectively, for agricultural production. About one-third of the unsuited area was found to be under agro-production. Furthermore, agriculturally suited areas were located mostly in plateaus and sloping lands. On the other hand, unsuited areas were located in the lowland areas where the groundwater level is high, the slope is low, and alluvial lithology and heavily textured soil features are present, while most of the scrublands, forest lands, and vineyard land use classes are located in well-drained areas in both provincial boundaries and the hotspot areas. On the other hand, agriculture, paddy fields, barren lands, pasture, and settlements are mostly located in poorly drained areas. To minimize the effect of the drainage problems, it is crucial to detect poorly drained areas using susceptibility analysis on agricultural areas. As a result, the spatial distribution of poor drainage areas can be mapped precisely and so contribute to agricultural productivity. Thus, sustainable agricultural policies can be developed by contributing to the agricultural economy and food security.Öğe Determination of Energy Balance in Grape Production for Wine in Thrace Region(Springer, 2022) Akdemir, SerapThe purpose of this research was to determine energy usage productivity in grape production for wine in the Thrace region of Turkey. Questionnaires were given to farmers to determine agricultural production inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, and time and fuel consumption, as well as yield. Energy equivalents of the production inputs and yield were calculated to establish an energy budget for grapevine production. According to the results, the energy rate was calculated to be 9.72. Net energy was 105,855.37 MJ ha(-1). Specific energy and energy productivity were 0.10 MJ kg(-1) and 0.82 kg MJ(-1), respectively. Direct energy and its share were calculated to be 3936.05 MJ ha(-1) and 32.41%, respectively. Indirect energy and its share of the total energy budget were 8208.58 MJ ha(-1) and 67.59%. Renewable energy was calculated to be 743.27 MJ ha(-1), representing 6.12% of wine grape production. Renewable energy use was low because the agricultural inputs used in all stages of production were almost fully based on nonrenewable energy, which was 11,401.36 MJ ha(-1), representing 93.88%. The share of chemical fertilizer was 32.40% of the total energy budget, followed by diesel (26.29%) and pesticides (24.44%). Fungicides were used mainly to protect vineyards. Agricultural machinery was generally used for soil tillage and for chemical fertilizer and pesticide application. Fuel consumption for soil tillage (81.48%) accounted for a large proportion of total fuel consumption. Human labor was used for pruning, removal of leaves and branches, harvesting, and packaging. Future work should focus on improving vineyard mechanization and preventing overfertilization and pesticide use in vineyards.Öğe Determination of Variability in Ambient Conditions During Cold Storage of Aronia Fruits(Univ Namik Kemal, 2022) Akdemir, SerapIn this research, temperature and relative humidity in a cold store with an evaporative cooling system were investigated during one-month cold storage of Aronia melanocarpa Nero fruits. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured by sensors at 36 points for different levels (top, medium and base level). The research was carried out in accordance with the randomized plot design for the purpose of storing Aronia melanocarpa in a cold store at +3 degrees C for 1 month. The results were evaluated by using variance analyses and descriptive statistics. In addition, spatial variability maps were created for evaluating of temperature and relative humidity variation at different levels. Variation of the temperature was determined between 3.40 degrees C and 5.32 degrees C for top level, 3.80 degrees C and 5.49 degrees C for middle level and 3.92 degrees C and 5.51 degrees C for base level at 3 degrees C storage temperature. Coefficient of variations was determined as 11.47% for top level, 11.48% for middle level and 7.10% for bottom level for temperature. The relative humidity values were changed between 74.00% and 88.09%. Mean coefficient of variation of the relative humidity varied between 3.22% and 4.43%. According to the results; distributions of the temperature and relative humidity for different levels were not uniform. Reason of high variability between measurement of the temperature and the relative humidity for different levels in the cold store was the distribution of the cold air. The cold air was ventilated by an evaporator and distributed according to the design of the cold store (dimensions, shape, and materials) and placement of fruit cases. Different storage conditions were determined at different levels in the cold store during storage of Aronia fruits in this research. In addition, there is generally one temperature/relative humidity sensor located back of the door inside the cold store used to control the cooling system. Measurement of the temperature and relative humidity from one point in a cold store is not enough to give an idea about the ambient conditions of the cold store. When storing agricultural products, the use of more temperature/relative humidity sensors in the cold store will enable the actual situation of the temperature and relative humidity values to be taken into account to control the operation of the cooling system. Additional cold air distribution systems such as ventilator, air curtains and placement of fruit cases may help to improve air distribution and decrease the spatial variability of the storage conditions in the cold store.Öğe Mechanical Strenght of Historical Oakwood on Traditional Tekirdag Houses and the Effect of Treatment Procedure on Mechanical Strenght(Gazi Univ, 2011) Bozkurt, ÖzlemThe process of treatment with chemicals provides very successful results if applied on new wooden material. When applied on old material it has negative effects on the mechanic strength of wood as much as positive effects. In this study it is aimed to compare the changes in mechanic values of historical wood before and after treatment. For this aim; with injection and brush methods; two types of water soluble and organic solvent chemicals are impregnated on oaken samples taken from Tekirdag Houses. Mechanic values of samples are measured after treatment; and results are compared.Öğe Güncel Sanatta Tekstil Heykellerin Temsil Niteliği(2020) Demir, Nazan Özcan; Alp, K. Özlem1960’lı yıllarla birlikte değişen sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel ortam, sanata ilişkin tüm kavram veuygulamaları yeni temsil arayışları çerçevesinde değiştirmiştir. Genel olarak, geleneksel sanatlar vezanaat başlığı altında temsil edilen tekstil sanatı, geleneksel işlevinden farklı olarak malzeme vetekniğin yeni aktarım olanaklarına yönelmiştir. Bu araştırmada tekstilin 60 sonrası temsil niteliğindekidönüşümleri ve 1980 sonrası tekstil heykellerin temsil nitelikleri tartışılmıştır. 1960’lı yıllar tekstilinyapısal özelliklerinin yeniden keşfedildiği ve kavramsallaştığı yıllardır. 1980’li yıllar ise tekstil sanatınınkendi varoluş sınırını aşması ile ayağa kalktığı, tekstilin heykel olarak güncel sanata eklendiği, onunmalzeme ve teknik boyutunu aşarak, güncel sanatın kimi ilgi alanlarına yöneldiği yıllardır. Bubakımdan bu araştırmada, güncel sanatta tekstil heykellerin temsil anlayışı; zaman-mekan-sınırlar,beden-kimlik, coğrafya, ekolojik dengeler, demokrasi, cinsiyet, öteki, gelenek ve çağdaşlık gibi güncelyaşamın kimi konularına sosyo-politik ve eleştirel yaklaşımları da içeren örnekler üzerindenincelenmiştir.Öğe Investigation of the effect of MHD slip flow on heat transfer between parallel plates with second-order slip boundary conditions(Begell House Inc., 2021) Şimşek, Hatice; Öztürk, A.In this study, the effect of the second-order slip boundary condition flow model on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in the presence of a magnetic field acting normal to the plate surface in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow between the parallel microplates with constant heat flux is analytically investigated. The flow of incompressible viscous fluid between the fixed parallel microplates with electrical conductivity was assumed to be steady, laminar, hydrodynamic, and thermally fully developed. The energy equation with the viscous dissipation is solved analytically using the second-order slip velocity and temperature jump boundary conditions in the slip flow regime. Theoretical results obtained from the momentum and energy equations show that the magnetic field parameter, Knudsen number, Brinkman number, and the second-order slip flow boundary condition model parameters affect the velocity and temperature distributions considerably. Furthermore, it was found that the second-order slip flow boundary condition is needed to predict the flow characteristics more accurately. © 2021 by Begell House, Inc.Öğe Proportional impact prediction model of animal waste fat-derived biodiesel by ANN and RSM technique for diesel engine(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Şimşek, Süleyman; Uslu, Samet; Şimşek, HaticeInstead of many experimental studies made for the suitability of biodiesel for use in diesel engine, it has become easier to determine by fewer experiments with the development of computer applications. In this research, it was aimed to determine the optimum ratio of animal waste fat biodiesel (AWFBD) and the corresponding engine responses by using artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, a comparison was made with test results to evaluate the performance of ANN and RSM. According to the regression results obtained from RSM, absolute fraction of variance (R2) values greater than 0.95 emerged for all answers. Correlation coefficient (R) values obtained from ANN were found to be higher than 0.97. The developed ANN model was able to predict engine responses with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the range of 3.787–10.730%. MAPE values for RSM were obtained between 2.004 and 11.461%. Combined desirability factor obtained from RSM was found as 0.72288% and optimum engine parameters were found as 22% AWFBD ratio and 1350-Watt engine load. In addition, according to the verification test between the optimum results and the prediction results, it was concluded that there is a good agreement with a maximum error rate of 3.863%. © 2021 Elsevier LtdÖğe A traditional anatolian wood carving technique: Kundekari(2010) Bozkurt, Özlem; Bozkurt, Z.Kündekari is a traditional Turkish wood carving technique that hundreds or thousands of wooden parts are carved one by one without using glue, nail or peg by hands and link each other by fitted into techniques. Although every part is very similar to each other, each one has a different place in the total. For this reason; it is impossible to replace a part with another. Ornaments which shape like star, octagon, decagon and plant forms are made by the part joint together by detailed calculations. The parts move easily at their places by kündekari techniques. Thus the ornament made like this, can be stable either woods are contracted or dilated. If it is protected against earthquake, fire and extreme humid, its durability will be between at least 7 and 8 centuries.Öğe Quality Changes in Apple in Evaporative Cooling Store(Springer, 2020) Akdemir, Serap; Bal, ErdinçThe temperature and moisture content throughout the storage time changes according to the type and variety of fruit. So the ambient temperature and relative humidity in the store must be same anywhere. Different temperatures and humidity in different levels in the stores cause quality losses in the products. For this purpose, to investigate quality losses in 'Granny Smith' apple varieties in store has set a storage temperature of 2 degrees C and a relative humidity of 90% with evaporative cooling system. Quality analysis was made from 3 different levels. The levels for statistical evaluations were called as top, middle and bottom. Analysis of variance was performed as the statistical analysis. The analyses were repeated monthly. In the statistical analysis, the mean weight loss was 0.78%, the lowest fruit firmness was 5.9kg, the lowest TSS value was 14.1% in the bottom level, and the lowest acid value was 0.67% in the top level. It was determined the highest pH value with 3.41 in the bottom level at the end of storage while the pH of the fruit at harvest was 3.25. At the end of the storage period at the highest respiratory rate in the top level 39.1mg CO2/kg*h were determined.Öğe Energy balance of silage maize irrigated by drip irrigation in thrace region of turkey(Scibulcom Ltd., 2020) Akdemir, SerapSilage maize production was evaluated for energy cost, energy efficiency and net energy in this study. The silage maize was irrigated with drip irrigation. Mechanisation, amount and type of inputs and output were determined from Turkish Ministry of Food and Agriculture and questionnaires carried out with 4 farms in Thrace Region, Turkey. Amounts of the energy per area used for silage maize production were calculated from energy equivalents. In addition, energy efficiency and net energy value were calculated for different energy equivalents of silage maize. Energy efficiency and net energy were calculated 20.2 and 745 034 MJ ha–1 for silage consist of 25% grain (energy equivalent 14.70 MJ kg–1), respectively. Energy efficiency and net energy were determined for different energy equivalent of silage maize. Energy efficiency was found as 19.4 and net energy 712 317.4 MJ ha–1 for 12.95 MJ kg–1, 425217.4 MJ ha–1 for 8.0 MJ kg–1, and 280 217.4 MJ ha–1 for 5.50 MJ kg–1. Specific energy and energy productivity were determined 0.7 MJ kg–1 and 1.5 kg MJ–1 for silage maize. Direct energy was 8887.75 MJ ha–1 and 22.92%, indirect energy 29 894.84 MJ ha–1 and 77.08% in total input energy. Renewable energy was so small as 142.07 MJ ha–1 and 0.37% and non-renewable energy 38 640.53 MJ ha–1 and 99.63% in total input energy. © 2020, Scibulcom Ltd.. All rights reserved.Öğe Energy balance of sunflower production(Eesti Pollumajandusulikool, 2017) Akdemir, Serap; Cavalaris, Chris; Gemtos, T.The aim of the present study was to make an energy analysis of sunflower crop in the Trakya Region of Turkey, to evaluate the potential for using it as bioenergy source. Actual data for the common cropping practices applied in the region were collected with questionnaires given to the farmers. Literature data were used to obtain necessary energy indices. The collected information was used to establish energy budgets. Two alternative scenarios were examined: 1st- using only the seed for biofuel production and 2nd -using the seed for biofuel and the stalks as biomass for bioenergy. The results showed that sunflower presented positive energy balance for both cases. Net energy was 35,334 MJ ha-1 when only the seed was taken into account and 87,308 MJ ha-1 for both seed and stalks. Energy efficiency was 3.67 and 7.34 respectively. Fertilization was the most energy intensive input (6,594 MJ ha-1) accounting for 48–50% of the total inputs. Tillage was the second most energy intensive input (3,595 MJ ha-1) accounting for 26–27% of total inputs. There were 6 different tillage operations such as ploughing, 4 machinery passages for seedbed preparation and hoeing in the sunflower production. All these operations increased energy inputs of the tillage. The total energy inputs were relatively low because it was possible to achieve high yields without irrigation. © 2017, Eesti Pollumajandusulikool. All rights reserved.
