Uluslararası İlişkilerde Adil Savaş Teorisi: St. Thomas Aquinas’ın Adil Savaş Modelinin Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi’ne Uygulanması
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Date
2018
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Namık Kemal Üniversitesi
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Abstract
Savaşlar toplumların tarihin her döneminde tecrübe ettiği yıkıcı süreçlerdir. Toplumlar kendilerini korumak ve bazen daha güçlü olmak için savaşmışlar, ancak savaşların verdiği zararları yaşadıktan sonra belli bir savaş etiğinin nasıl oluşturulabileceğini düşünmüşlerdir. Bu bağlamda savaşın başlatılabilmesi için haklı gerekçeleri sıralamışlar ve buna ek olarak savaş esnasında hangi davranışların meşru olduğunu belirlemeye çalışmışlardır. Uluslararası ilişkilerde savaş etiği genellikle üç başlık altında sınıflandırılabilir. Bunlar sırasıyla realizm, adil savaş teorisi ve pasifizmdir. Realizm, savaşta ahlaki mantığı önemsemiyorken, adil savaş teorisi savaşın ahlaki olabilmesi için bazı şartları önemle vurgulamaktadır. Pasifizm ise hiçbir savaşın ahlaki olmadığını ifade etmektedir. Bu makalede, bu düşünce mantıkları açıklanmış ve adil savaş teorisi çalışılmıştır. Bu teori içinden Thomas Aquinas’ın mantığı model olarak seçilmiş ve Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi’ne uygulanmıştır. Bu amaçla bir araştırma sorusu sorulmuştur. Araştırma sorusu: dini kaygılarla başlayan savaşlar ekonomik ve siyasal amaçlara kayabilir mi? Aquinas’ın modelinin seçilmesinin sebebi konuyu iyi açıklayabilmesi ve Aquinas’ın Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi döneminden kısa bir süre sonra hayata gelmesi ve çalışmalarını yapmasıdır. Aquinas tarafından kurulan teolojik mantığın seferin yaşandığı 13.yüzyılı iyi yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Araştırma makalesinde bu konunun seçilme sebebi Ortaçağda savaşların ortaya çıkmasında dini etkinin gücünü belirlemek ve akabinde bunun manipüle edilerek siyasal ve ekonomik amaçları taşıyacak bir hale dönüşme ihtimalini test etmektir. Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi’nin seçilme sebebi bu konuya güzel bir örnek teşkil etmesidir. Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi dini kaygılarla başlayan, ancak ekonomik ve siyasal çıkarların baskın konuma geldiği bir olaydır. Araştırma neticesinde dini savaşların ekonomik ve siyasal amaçlara kaydığı gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırmanın eksiği ise bir örnek olayı sadece ele almasıdır. Bu çalışma dar anlamda Ortaçağ için ve geniş anlamda her dönem için dini savaşların ekonomik ve siyasal pencerelerinin olduğunu göstermek amacıyla yazılmıştır. Araştırmanın bundan sonraki çalışmalar için temel bir model teşkil etmesi planlanmaktadır.
Wars are devastating processes that societies experience in every stage of history. Societies made wars to protect themselves and sometimes be stronger, however after they experienced harms caused by war, they thought about how certain war ethics can be created. In this context, they listed just reasons to start a war and in addition to this, they made effort to determine legitimate behaviors during war. In international relations, war ethics generally would be classified under three headings. These are respectively realism, just war theory, and pacifism. While realism gives no importance to moral logic in war, just war theory stresses some conditions with importance for a war to be moral. Also, pacifism expresses that no war is moral. In this article, these thought logics were expressed and just war theory was studied. From this theory, the logic of St. Thomas Aquinas was selected as a model and it was implemented to the Fourth Crusade. With this aim, a research question was asked. Research question: can wars which commence with religious concerns slide into economic and political targets? The reason why the model of St. Thomas Aquinas is selected is that this model can explain issue well and St. Thomas Aquinas was born a short time later and made his studies after the Fourth Crusade. It is thought that the theological system formed by St. Thomas Aquinas reflects well 13th century when the expedition is made. In the research article, the reason of selecting this subject is to determine the power of religion to start wars in the Medieval Period and then test the possibility of manipulation of religion to transform it into having political and economic targets. The Fourth Crusade is selected because this is a typical example of this subject. The Fourth Crusade was an event in which in beginnings, religious concerns were effective but then economic and political interests were predominating. As a result of the research, it is observed that religious wars slide into economic and political aims. Deficiency of the research is that just one case study is studied. This study is written to show in narrow meaning for the Medieval Period and in wide meaning for every period that religious wars have economic and political windows. It is planned that this research will be a base model for next studies.
Wars are devastating processes that societies experience in every stage of history. Societies made wars to protect themselves and sometimes be stronger, however after they experienced harms caused by war, they thought about how certain war ethics can be created. In this context, they listed just reasons to start a war and in addition to this, they made effort to determine legitimate behaviors during war. In international relations, war ethics generally would be classified under three headings. These are respectively realism, just war theory, and pacifism. While realism gives no importance to moral logic in war, just war theory stresses some conditions with importance for a war to be moral. Also, pacifism expresses that no war is moral. In this article, these thought logics were expressed and just war theory was studied. From this theory, the logic of St. Thomas Aquinas was selected as a model and it was implemented to the Fourth Crusade. With this aim, a research question was asked. Research question: can wars which commence with religious concerns slide into economic and political targets? The reason why the model of St. Thomas Aquinas is selected is that this model can explain issue well and St. Thomas Aquinas was born a short time later and made his studies after the Fourth Crusade. It is thought that the theological system formed by St. Thomas Aquinas reflects well 13th century when the expedition is made. In the research article, the reason of selecting this subject is to determine the power of religion to start wars in the Medieval Period and then test the possibility of manipulation of religion to transform it into having political and economic targets. The Fourth Crusade is selected because this is a typical example of this subject. The Fourth Crusade was an event in which in beginnings, religious concerns were effective but then economic and political interests were predominating. As a result of the research, it is observed that religious wars slide into economic and political aims. Deficiency of the research is that just one case study is studied. This study is written to show in narrow meaning for the Medieval Period and in wide meaning for every period that religious wars have economic and political windows. It is planned that this research will be a base model for next studies.
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Keywords
Thomas Aguinas, Adil Savaş Teorisi, The Fourth Crusade, Thomas Aquinas, Just War Theory, Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi
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Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
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Volume
7
Issue
14
