Türk Devlet Yönetiminde Farkli Başkadilik Uygulamalari: Hazarlar, Altin Orda Ve Memlûkler Örneği
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Tarih
2018
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Namık Kemal Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Türk devlet geleneği içerisinde devlet yönetiminde adlî teşkilatın çok önemli bir yeri ve fonksiyonu bulunmaktaydı. Önceleri adlî teşkilatın başında Töre’ye göre hüküm veren Yargucu ve yardımcıları varken İslâmiyet’in yayılmaya başlamasından itibaren bu görevlilerin yanında kadılar da bulunmaya başlamıştır. İslâmiyet’in Türk ülkelerinde hâkim olmasından sonraki dönemde ise durum değişmiş, adlî teşkilatın başında hukukî görevli olarak sadece kadılar kalmıştır. Artık, İslâmî dönem Türk devlet yönetiminde adlî teşkilatın başında hükümdar adına kanunlar tatbik eden en yüksek görevli olan “başkadı” bulunmaktadır. Biz bu çalışmamızda üç büyük Türk devletinden hareketle, Türk devletleri içerisinde farklı şekillerde ortaya çıkmış olduğu görülen başkadılık uygulamalarını ele aldık. Başkadılık uygulamasının kendine has şekliyle ilk görüldüğü Türk devletlerinden birisi hiç kuşkusuz Hazarlardır. Hazarlarda iki Müslüman, iki Yahudi, iki Hıristiyan ve bu üç semavî dine mensup olmayan gruplar ile Slavlar, Rusların davalarına bakan bir başkadı olmak üzere toplam yedi başkadı bulunmaktaydı. İslâmiyet’in hızla yayılmaya başladığı dönemde büyük bir siyasi hâkimiyete sahip olan Altın Orda Hanlığı’nda başkadılık kurumu kendine özgü bir şekle bürünerek varlık göstermiştir. Altın Orda’da Kurultay’ın aslî üyesi olan Yasa Emîri, adlî teşkilâtın başında bulunmakta olup hukukî işlere Töre’ye göre hüküm veren Baş Yargucu ve yardımcılarının yanı sıra İslâm hukukuna göre hüküm veren Başkadı ve yardımcıları bakmaktaydı. Memlûklerde ise Türk-İslâm devletlerinin hiçbirisinde olmayan Sünni dört mezhepten birer başkadı uygulaması bulunmaktaydı. Bu başkadılardan her birisi kendi mezheplerinden olan kimselerin davalarına bakmaktaydı. İşte bu üç büyük Türk devletindeki farklıbaşkadılık uygulamalarını inceleyerek Türk devlet sistemindeki adlî teşkilatın dönemin şartlarına ve ihtiyaçlarına göre nasıl sistemli bir şekil alarak tezahür ettiklerini ortaya koymaya çalıştık.
Under the Turkish State tradition, the justice organization had a very important place and function. In the beginning, the justice administration was managed by Yargucu and his assistants who adjudicated according to customs, beginning with the propagation of Islam, a muslim judge proceeded to take part beside these officials. After the next period of Islam’s domination of Turkish countries, the situation changed, Muslim Judges ranked among the head of justice admnistration only as legal officers. Muslim Judge was no longer the chief enforcer of law on behalf of the ruler taking part of the head of justice organization in the Islamic period in Turkish state administration. In this work we have discussed via three big Turkish states the diversified chief muslim judge implementations which have emerged differently in Turkish states. One of the first Turkish states is undoubtedly Khazars where the chief Muslim judge implementations have been observed in their own way. In Khazars there were seven chief Muslim judges consisting of two Muslims, two Jews, two Christians and nonmembers of the three monotheistic religious groups such as a Slavic judge who oversaw the cases of the Russians. In the Golden Horde which had a great political dominance at the time when Islam began to spread rapidly, the institution of chief Muslim Judges continued to exist in a distinctive way. In the Golden Horde, Emir was the principal member of congress and at the head of the justice organization, besides the chief Yargucu and his assistants who adjudicated according to custom, there were the chief Muslim Judge and his assistants who adjudicated according to Islamic law who were also responsible for legal affairs. In Mameluke State, there were chief Muslim Judge implementations, one from each four sunni sectarians which was not applied in any of Turkish-Islamic States. Each of these chief Muslim Judges ruled the cases of people who belonged to their own sectarians. Analyzing the three big Turkish States’s diversified chief Muslim judge implementations, we tried to reveal how the justice organization in the TurkishGovernment Sytem according to conditions and needs of the period systematically take form.
Under the Turkish State tradition, the justice organization had a very important place and function. In the beginning, the justice administration was managed by Yargucu and his assistants who adjudicated according to customs, beginning with the propagation of Islam, a muslim judge proceeded to take part beside these officials. After the next period of Islam’s domination of Turkish countries, the situation changed, Muslim Judges ranked among the head of justice admnistration only as legal officers. Muslim Judge was no longer the chief enforcer of law on behalf of the ruler taking part of the head of justice organization in the Islamic period in Turkish state administration. In this work we have discussed via three big Turkish states the diversified chief muslim judge implementations which have emerged differently in Turkish states. One of the first Turkish states is undoubtedly Khazars where the chief Muslim judge implementations have been observed in their own way. In Khazars there were seven chief Muslim judges consisting of two Muslims, two Jews, two Christians and nonmembers of the three monotheistic religious groups such as a Slavic judge who oversaw the cases of the Russians. In the Golden Horde which had a great political dominance at the time when Islam began to spread rapidly, the institution of chief Muslim Judges continued to exist in a distinctive way. In the Golden Horde, Emir was the principal member of congress and at the head of the justice organization, besides the chief Yargucu and his assistants who adjudicated according to custom, there were the chief Muslim Judge and his assistants who adjudicated according to Islamic law who were also responsible for legal affairs. In Mameluke State, there were chief Muslim Judge implementations, one from each four sunni sectarians which was not applied in any of Turkish-Islamic States. Each of these chief Muslim Judges ruled the cases of people who belonged to their own sectarians. Analyzing the three big Turkish States’s diversified chief Muslim judge implementations, we tried to reveal how the justice organization in the TurkishGovernment Sytem according to conditions and needs of the period systematically take form.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hazarlar, Altın Orda, Memlûkler, Chief Cadis, Khazars, Golden Horde, Golden Horde, Başkadılar
Kaynak
Anadolu Ve Balkan Araştırmaları Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
1
Sayı
1
