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Öğe Bazı monoterpenoid bileşiklerinin kırma biti, Tribolium confusum du Val. (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) ve değirmen güvesi, Ephestia kuehniella zeller (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)' ya fumigant etkileri üzerine araştırmalar(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2011) Sağlam, ÖzgürBu çalışmada, önemli bir depo zararlısı olan Kırma Biti, Tribolium confusum du Val. ve Değirmen Güvesi, Ephestia kuehniella Zell.'nın tüm gelişme dönemlerine karşı, monoterpenoid bileşiklerinin farklı uygulama dozlarında, üç farklı sıcaklıkta (20, 25 ve 30 °C) ve 25 °C' de ürünlü ortamda, iki farklı uygulama seviyesinde (alt ve üst), ?-pinene, p-cymene, Eugenol, Cuminaldehyde, Linalyl acetate, Linalool, ?-terpinene, Gamma terpinene, Limonene, ß-pinene, Allyl isothiocyanate ve Diallyl disülfide monoterpenoid bileşiklerinin fumigant etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ön denemeler (100 µl/l) sonucunda uygulanan 12 adet bileşikten; T. confusum' un yumurta dönemine karşı Cuminaldehyde, Allyl isothiocyanate ve Diallyl disülfid bileşikleri, larva, pupa ve ergin dönemlerine ise Allyl isothiocyanate ve Diallyl disülfid bileşikleri yüksek fümigant etki göstermiştir. Ephestia kuehniella da ise yumurta dönemine Cuminaldehyde, Allyl isothiocyanate ve Diallyl disülfid bileşikleri etkili olurken, larva dönemine Allyl isothiocyanate, pupa dönemine Allyl isothiocyanate ve Diallyl disülfid, ergin dönemlerine ise ele alınan 12 bileşikten Eugenol ve Linalyl acetate dışında diğer tüm bileşikler yüksek fümigant etkiye sahip olmuşlardır. Elde edilen sonuçlar her iki böcek türünün farklı biyolojik dönemlerinde etkili olan üç bileşiğin, toksitelerinin sıcaklığa bağlı olarak arttığı belirlenmiştir. Cuminaldehyde her iki türde de sadece yumurta dönemine etkili olup, ürünsüz ortamda yüksek toksisite göstermiştir. Ürünlü ortamda ise alt seviyeye yerleştirilen yumurtalara karşı çok düşük toksisite gösterdiği, ürün içindeki penetrasyonunun çok zayıf olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diallyl disülfid bileşiği tüm sıcaklık derecelerinde, test edilen biyolojik dönemlere göre toksisite (LC50) sıralaması, küçükten büyüğe doğru, T. confusum için; yumurta > pupa > ergin> larva, E. kuehniella için; ergin > yumurta > pupa olarak belirlenmiş olup, larva dönemine karşı toksisitesinin ise çok düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ürünlü ortam denemeleride de alt seviyeye penetrasyonunun zayıf olduğu belirlenmiştir. Allyl isothiocyanete bileşiği ürünsüz ortamda, test edilen biyolojik dönemlere göre toksisite (LC50) sıralaması, küçükten büyüğe doğru, T. confusum için; yumurta > pupa > ergin> larva, E. kuehniella için yumurta > ergin > larva > pupa olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak Allyl isothiocyanete bileşiği her iki böcek türünün tüm dönemlerine, hem ürünsüz, hem de ürünlü ortamda yüksek toksik etki göstermiş olup, depo zararlılarının mücadelesinde, potansiyel monoterpenoid bir bileşik olduğu belirlenmiştir.Öğe Comparison of spinetoram, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole against life stages of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on concrete(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Sağlam, Özgür; Athanassiou, Christos G.; Vassilakos, Thomas N.Spinetoram, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole are new insecticides with novel mode of actions, low mammalian toxicity and low impact to environment. In the present study, the efficacy of these insecticides was tested against Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val on concrete. Among the tested insecticides, spinetoram proved to be more effective, providing complete control of T. confusum adults and young larvae after 14 days of exposure. For the young larvae, thiamethoxam at the highest dose and chlorantraniliprole at both doses were equally effective with spinetoram. On the other hand, none of the tested insecticides were able to control T. confisum pupae. Moreover, none of the insecticides had ovicidal effect, with the exception of chlorantraniliprole in some combinations. From the mobile life stages, the most tolerant life stages were old larvae and the most susceptible young larvae. The presence of food (flour) moderated T. confusum mortality. From the results of the present study, we can conclude that spinetoram, thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole showed potential and need be further evaluated for surface treatments in stored product facilities. Our work underlined the need for good cleaning and sanitation procedures in warehouses and food processing facilities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of temperature on insecticidal efficiency of local diatomaceous earth against stored-grain insects(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2019) Şen, Recep; Işıkber, Ali Arda; Bozkurt, Hüseyin; Sağlam, ÖzgürA study was conducted in 2017 in Entomology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University to determine effect of temperature on insecticidal efficacy of local diatomaceous earth (DE), collected from Turkey, against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Bioassays were performed at three temperatures (20, 25 and 30ºC) and 55% RH on wheat treated with 0, 100, 300, 500, 900 and 1500 ppm (mg DE/kg grain) concentrations of local DE. Temperature had significant effect on insecticidal efficacy of local DE against the tested stored-grain insects. The effect of temperature on the insecticidal efficacy of local DE varied with insect species and concentration. Mortality of S. oryzae and T. confusum adults generally increased with increasing temperature and mortality at 30ºC was significantly higher than at 20 and 25ºC. However, for R. dominica adults treated with local DE, mortality at 20ºC was significantly higher than at 25 and 30ºC. The results indicated that complete mortality of T. confusum and S. oryzae can be achieved at lower concentrations ranging from 500 to 900 ppm. In conclusion, local DE formulation (ACN-1) has potential to be used for control of stored-grain insects. © 2019 Entomological Society of Turkey. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of Temperature on the Biology of Tuberolachnus Salignus (Gmelin) (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) on (Salix Alba)(Univ Zagreb, Fac Agriculture, 2008) Özder, Nihal; Sağlam, ÖzgürThe development time, survivoship and reproduction of Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin)(Lachninae: Lachnini) were studied on Salix alba at five constant temperatures (17.5 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 22.5 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 27.5 degrees C). The developmental time of immature stages ranged from 17.00 days at 17.5 degrees C to 12.21 days at 25 degrees C on Salix alba. The total percentage of survivorship of immature stages varied from 50% and 70% 17.5 degrees C - 20 degrees C on S. alba. The largest r(m) valueoccurred with 0.2540 at 20 degrees C on S. alba. The mean generation time of the population ranged from 13.595 days at 22.5 degrees C to 19.60 days at 17.5 degrees C on S. alba. The optimal temperature for Tuberolachnus salignus was 20 degrees C.Öğe Efficacy of combining sulfuryl fluoride fumigation with heat to control the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae)(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Abbar, Salehe; Sağlam, Özgür; Schilling, M. Wes; Phillips, Thomas W.Sulfuryl fluoride (SF) could not control all life stages of Tyrophagus putrescentiae when applied at 23 degrees C using the highest allowable gas level. Recent work on heat treatments found 40 degrees C was ineffective against mites unless held for more than 48 h, a heating time that can damage ham quality. The objective of the laboratory trials reported here was to determine the lowest temperature and shortest exposure time at which SF could control mites while staying below the US EPA maximum concentration-time product (CTP) label rate of 1500 gh m(-3) A 36-h fumigation with a CTP of 1400 gh m(-3) killed 100% of all mite life stages at 40 degrees C. Mite eggs, which were determined to be the most SF-tolerant life stage, were exposed to lower CTPs of 300 or 1000 gh m(-3) SF at 40 degrees C, control was estimated to require up to 125.71 h at 300 gh and 60.93 h at 1000 gh m(-3). Applying heat with SF just below the maximum allowable CTP will increase the efficacy of this fumigant, but also increases the risk of exceeding the legal limit for the gas. However, at target CTPs of either 300 or 1000 gh m(-3), which would represent preferred commercial application rates of SF, good levels of mite control could not be achieved at 40 degrees C within a 48-h exposure. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Efficacy of Spinetoram for the Control of Bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Different Surfaces(MDPI, 2022) Sağlam, Özgür; Çelik, Ahmet; Işıkber, Ali Arda; Bozkurt, Hüseyin; Sakka, Maria K.; Athanassiou, Christos G.Simple Summary Contact toxicity of spinetoram on three different surfaces, concrete, ceramic floor tile and laminate flooring, against Acanthocelides obtectus (Say.) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Our results provide data on the insecticidal effect of spinetoram for the control of A. obtectus on various surfaces; however, its efficacy varies according to the surface type, exposure time and concentration. In conclusion, our laboratory tests indicated that spinetoram at 0.025 and 0.05 mg active ingredient (AI)/cm(2) achieved satisfactory control at relatively short exposures by contact action of A. obtectus adults on three surfaces, commonly encountered in legume storage facilities and warehouses. In this study, the contact toxicity of spinetoram on three different surfaces, concrete, ceramic floor tile and laminate flooring, against Acanthocelides obtectus (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Different concentrations were evaluated ranging from 0.0025 to 0.05 mg AI/cm(2), against adults of A. obtectus. Adult mortality was measured after 1-, 3-, 5- and 7-day exposure. After 1-day exposure, the mortality was low on all surfaces, ranging from 0 to 27.2%. After 5- and 7-day exposure, spinetoram at concentrations of 0.01 mg/cm(2) and above achieved 100% or close mortality on concrete and laminate flooring surface, whereas low concentrations (0.0025, 0.005 and 0.0075 mg AI/cm(2)) resulted in significantly lower mortality levels, ranging from 1.6 to 30.8%, than high concentrations. In the case of ceramic floor tile surface, spinetoram treatments at all tested concentrations did not result in 100% mortality. Significant differences were recorded among the surfaces, depending on concentrations and exposure intervals. After 3-, 5- and 7-day exposure, mortality levels on ceramic floor tile surface were generally higher at low concentrations than those on the concrete and laminate flooring surfaces, whereas those on concrete and laminate flooring surfaces were significantly higher at high concentrations than ceramic floor tile surface. These results indicate that spinetoram at 0.025 and 0.05 mg AI/cm(2) achieve satisfactory control at relatively short exposures on common types of surfaces and thus can be used as an effective insecticide against A. obtectus.Öğe Fumigant toxicity of monoterpenoid compounds against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2013) Sağlam, Özgür; Özder, NihalThis study was carried out to determine the fumigant toxicity of the monoterpenoid compounds; a-pinene, p-cymene, eugenol, cuminaldehyde, linalyl acetate, linalool, alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, limonene, beta-pinene, allyl isothiocyanate and diallyl disulphide against all life stages of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. at 25 degrees C and 65% RH. Preliminary biological tests were performed to test the fumigant activity of monoterpenoid compounds against all life stages of T. confusum exposed to a dose of 100 mu LL-1 for 24-h. Preliminary biological tests indicated that allyl isothiocyanate and diallyl disulphide had high fumigant activity on all life stages of the test insect with mortality rates ranging from 92 to 100%, while cuminaldehyde was highly toxic to only its egg stage. Other monoterpenoid compounds, apart from cuminaldehyde, allyl isothiocyanate and diallyl disulphide, showed low fumigant toxicity to all life stages of the test insect with mortality rates ranging from 0 to 27.3%. Allyl isothiocyanate and diallyl disulfide were the only compounds to kill all life stages of T. confusum. Lethal concentration tests showed that allyl isothiocyanate was more toxic to T. confusum larvae, pupa and adults with 5.99, 2.69 and 3.50 mu LL-1 LC90 values, respectively, than diallyl disulphide by 98.06, 42.26 and 47.57 mu LL-1 LC90 values, respectively. The complete mortality of all life stages of T. confusum was achieved at a Ct product (Concentration x time) of 254 mg h L-1 of allyl isothiocyanate. Based on the toxicity data, allyl isothiocyanate has potential as a fumigant for controlling stored-grain insects.Öğe Fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound alone and combinations with modified atmosphere treatments against Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)1(Entomological Society of Turkey, 2019) Işikber, A.A.; Tunaz, H.; Er, M.K.; Sağlam, ÖzgürThis study was carried out in 2017 in Entomology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University to determine fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound (allyl isothiocyanate) alone and in combination with high concentration (92%) of CO2 or N2 to all life stages of Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was determined. Preliminary bioassay tests indicated that 10 µl/l of mustard essential oil and allyl isothiocyanate alone resulted in 100% mortality for all life stages of T. confusum without any necessity of CO2 and N2 combinations. Lethal concentration tests indicated that combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO2 produced 1.8 to 7.3 times reductions in LC90 values for larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum. Generally, the combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO2 were more toxic to larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum than those in combinations with 92% N2 as evidenced by significant decrements in their LC50 and LC90 values. It appears that high concentration of CO2 or N2 might have a synergistic effect on larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum when exposed together with mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate. In conclusion, this study indicates that combinations of mustard essential oil or its main compound, allyl isothiocyanate with modified atmospheres can be a potential alternative to the most commonly used commercial fumigants, methyl bromide and phosphine. © 2019 Entomological Society of Turkey. All rights reserved.Öğe Insecticidal and repellency effects of a Turkish diatomaceous earth formulation (Detech) on adults of three important pests of stored grain(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2022) Sağlam, Özgür; Bayram, Ali; Işıkber, Ali Arda; Şen, Recep; Bozkurt, Hüseyin; Henteş, SongülIn this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in order to assess the insecticidal and repellency effects of a novel Turkish diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Detech) on adults of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). For the insecticidal activity, bioassays were conducted with soft wheat treated with 0, 600 and 900 ppm of Detech at 25 ?? 1??C and 65 ?? 5% RH and progeny production was assessed after 45 days. For the repellency tests, two-choice tests on mono-layer wheat were conducted at 1,000 ppm of Detech at 25 ?? 1??C and 65 ?? 5% RH. Overall, Detech was effective against T. confusum and S. oryzae adults in wheat, causing 82% to 100% mortality at 600 and 900 ppm after 7 and 14 days exposure. The complete, or almost complete, progeny inhibition of S. oryzae were found at both concentrations, whereas the highest reduction in R. dominica progeny (84%) was obtained at 900 ppm. Detech was highly and moderately repellent to T. confusum and S. oryzae adults, respectively, whereas it had no or low repellency effect on R. dominica adults. In conclusion, Detech, which consists of a mixture of three DE deposits with different diatom frustules has potential for use against stored-grain insect pests as a promising grain protectant. Experiments were conducted in 2020-2021 in Entomology Laboratory of Tekirda?? Nam??k Kemal University and Kahramanmara?? S??t???? ??mam University.Öğe Insecticidal effect of spinetoram against six major stored grain insect species(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2012) Vassilakos, Thomas N.; Athanassiou, Christos G.; Sağlam, Özgür; Chloridis, Aris S.; Dripps, James E.Spinetoram is a novel insecticide that belongs to the spinosyn class of insecticidal chemicals. The efficacy of spinetoram against numerous insect pest species in a variety of field crops has been well demonstrated. However, there are no data available for the effectiveness of spinetoram against stored grain insects. In the present study, we evaluated spinetoram as a grain protectant, against six stored-product Coleoptera. The species tested were: the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus, the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum, the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius and the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis. All species were tested at the adult stage, on wheat (or maize in the case of P truncatus) treated to achieve spinetoram concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 ppm. Mortality was recorded after 1, 2, 7, 14 and 21 d of exposure, and 65 d later the wheat and maize were examined for offspring emergence. Among the species examined, P. truncatus and R. dominica were by far the most susceptible, given that mortality was close to 100% after 7 d on wheat treated or maize with 0.1 ppm of spinetoram. At this concentration, progeny production of P. truncatus and R. dominica was negligible. On the other hand, T confusum was the least susceptible; mortality reached 95% only at 10 ppm, and only after 14 d of exposure. Similarly, O. surinamensis was of limited susceptibility to spinetoram; mortality reached 95% only after 14 d of exposure on wheat treated with 5 ppm. Nevertheless, offspring emergence of these species was extremely low. For S. granarius and S. oryzae, complete (100%) mortality was recorded after 14 d of exposure, at 0.5 and 1 ppm, respectively. At these concentrations or higher, progeny production was notably reduced. The results of the present study demonstrate that spinetoram is effective as a grain protectant, but its efficacy varies according to the target species, concentration and exposure interval. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Insecticidal Efficacy of Some Turkish Diatomaceous Earth Deposits Against Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) on Paddy(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2022) Alagöz, Veysel; Sağlam, ÖzgürIn this study, the insecticidal effect of 4 different Turkish diatomoceus earth (DE) were tested against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. on paddy rice. Paddy rice was treated at 100, 300, 500, 900 and 1500 ppm (mg DE/kg paddy rice) concentrations of four Turkish diatomaceous earths (AGN-1, ACN-1, FB2N-1 and CCN-1) and commercial diatom earth (Silicosec). Paddy rice samples were mixed with DE and then filled into 100 ml glass vials. Rice weevil adults (<14 days) were transferred into the vials and the vials were covered with fine mesh. The experiments were carried out at 25±1 °C temperature, 55% RH in dark conditions under laboratory conditions. After 7, 14, 21 days of treatment the mortality rates of S. oryzae adults and progeny production numbers (F1) were recorded. AGN-1 diatomaceous earth at 300 ppm and higher concentrations produced 100 % adult mortality on the 7th days after treatment while other DE's caused 1.4- 97.7% mortality even at the highest concentration (1500 ppm). After 14 days of the treatments, 100 ppm concentration of AGN-1 produced 98.5 % mortality, while 900 and 1500 ppm concentration of ACN-1 caused 100% mortality. Other DE's, CCN-1 Silicosec and FB2N-1, at 1500 ppm concentration produced 97.3, 96.6 and 42 % of mortality respectively. After 21 days of the treatments, AGN-1 caused 100% mortality at all concentrations while ACN-1 at 900 and 1500 ppm, CCN-1 and Silicosec and FB2N-1 at 1500 ppm produced 100%, 100% and 93.9% mortality respectively. AGN1 was totally hindered progeny production. It has been determined that the differences between th insecticidal activities of tested DEs on stored product insects could be attributed to different physical properties of DE samples taken from different locations of Turkey. In this study it was determined that diatomaceous earth with high SiO2 ratio (FB2N-1) had low insecticidal efficacy against tested insect. On the other hand, of DEs with similar particle size (AGN-1, FB2N- 1) were determined to have significant differences in their efficacy against S. oryzae. In conclusion, this study indicated that Turkish diatomaceous earth, AGN-1 showed higher insecticidal efficacy against S. oryzae on paddy rice than commercial DE, Silicosec and can potentially be used as a grain protectant for control of S. oryzae on paddy rice. © 2022 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved.Öğe INSECTICIDAL EFFICACY OF TURKISH NOVEL DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FORMULATIONS AGAINST COWPEA WEEVIL Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (COLEOPTERA:CHRYSOMELIDAE:BRUCHNINAE) ON CHICKPEA(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2022) Sağlam, Özgür; Bozkurt, Hüseyin; Şen, Recep; Henteş, Songül; Işıkber, Ali ArdaIn present study, insecticidal efficacy of two newly developed Turkish diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Detech (R) and Demite (R), and commercial formulation, Silicosec (R) was tested against cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchninae) adults on chickpea. Biological tests were performed under laboratory conditions (26 +/- 1 degrees C and 65 +/- 5 % r.h.), by exposing 24 h old adults to chickpea grains treated with Detech (R), Demite (R) and Silicosec (R) at six concentrations (500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg DE/kg grain) and an untreated control. Adult mortality was assessed after 1, 3, 5 and 7 d of exposure, while number of F1 progeny was assessed after 42 d of DE treatments. Biological tests indicated that only Detech (R) achieved 100% mortality after 1 d of exposure at 2500 ppm, while Detech (R) Demite (R) achieved 100% mortality after 3 d of exposure at >= 1500 ppm and 2500 ppm respectively. Detech (R) achieved 100% mortality after 5 d of exposure at 750 ppm and above DE concentrations while Demite (R) resulted in the 100% mortality at >= 1000 ppm. The efficacy of tested DE formulations ranked in decreasing order of efficacy against C. maculatus: Detech (R)> Demite (R)>Silicosec (R). The complete progeny suppression of C. maculatus was achieved only with Detech (R) treatment at 2500 ppm, while Demite (R) and Silicosec (R) treatments at 2000 and 2500 ppm caused more than 98% progeny suppression. In conclusion, these results suggest that novel Turkish DE formulations, Detech (R) and Demite (R), which consists of a mixture of three DE deposits, consisted of different diatom Pustules has great potential for effectively use against C. maculatus in stored chickpea.Öğe Phosphine Resistance in Turkish Populations of Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)(Gazi Entomological Research Soc, 2022) Bozkurt, Hüseyin; Işıkber, Ali Arda; Sağlam, ÖzgürIn this study, the status of phosphine resistance in Sitophilus oryzae (L.,1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations collected from Sanliurfa, Adana and Kahramanmara province in Turkey were investigated by conducting the discriminating concentration tests and the concentration-mortality bioassays. Low (0.04 mg/L) and high (0.20 mg/L) discriminating concentration tests indicated that there was phosphine resistance of S. oryzae. The survival rates of field population of S. oryzae in Sanliurfa, Adana and Kahramanmara ranged from 0 to 99%, 0 to 90% and 0 to 89% at the low discriminating concentration while it ranged from 0 to 83%, 0 to 46.5% and 0 to 28.5% at the high discriminating concentration respectively. Based on 50% mortality level (LC50), the Sanliurfa 4, Adana 7 and Kahramanmara 8 populations were 57.5, 28.9, and 16.3 times more resistant, respectively, than the susceptible population (Kahramanmara 4). In conclusion, this study revealed that phosphine resistance in S. oryzae is high in the examined areas of Turkey and some populations have levels of resistance that may pose challenges to the continued use of phosphine for their management.Öğe Preliminary Checking of Some Turkish Diatomaceous Earth Similarities with Commercial Diatomaceous Earths under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, 2017) Sağlam, Özgür; Işıkber, Ali Arda; Tunaz, Hasan; Er, Mehmet Kubilay; Bahadır, Fatih; Şen, RecepDiatoms are dead bodies of unicellular algae’s and made up of fossilized diatoms in aquatic ecosystems. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a dust varying in color depending on composition, from white-grey to yellow to red and active ingredient is amorphous silicon dioxide. DEs are commonly used for purification of water, the purification of juices, separation of various oils and chemicals and also used as an insecticide. Mode of action as insecticide which damage occurs to the insects protective wax coat on the cuticle, mostly by sorption and to a lesser degree by abrasion, or both. The result is the loss of water from the insect's body through desiccation resulting in death. The efficacy of DE against insects depends on different physical and morphological characteristics of the diatoms. In present study, image properties of 10 different Turkish DE samples under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were checked and compared similarities with commercial DEs, namely Protector, SilicoSec, Insecto and Pyrisec. SEM image analysis indicated that there were variations in shape and size of dead bodies of diatoms in Turkish and commercial DEs. The shapes of dead bodies of diatoms in Turkish local DE’s named as CBN and BGN were found very similar with those in commercial DE, Silicosec. Local DE coded as DC has a round shape and looks similar to commercial DE of Pyrisec while local DE coded as CAN has triangle shape and its shape was different from those of all other DE samples.Öğe Residual toxicity of Spinetoram against to bean weevil, Acanthocelides obtectus Say. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on bean(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2016) Sağlam, Özgür; Tunaz, Hasan; Er, M. KubilayIn present study, residual contact toxicity of spinetoram suspension applied to bean against Acanthocelides obtectus Say. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) adults was investigated under laboratory conditions. In laboratory bioassays, A. obtectus adults were exposed to bean sprayed with spinetoram suspension at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 ppm (mg active ingredient/kg commodity) at 26 +/- 1 degrees C temperature, 65 +/- 5 % relative humidity and completely dark condition. Paralysis and mortality of the adults were recorded after 1, 3, 5 and 7 day of exposure and 40 day later the bean was examined for progeny production. Based on the results obtained from the biological tests, concentration of spinetoram suspension and the exposure period had a significant effect on paralysis and mortality rate of A. obtectus adults on bean. Spinetoram treatments at all concentrations after 1 day of exposure resulted in low mortality of A. obtectus adults. Mortality of A. obtectus adults increased after 1 day of exposure period. Spinetoram treatments at low concentrations (0.1 and 0.25 ppm), resulted in low mortality of paralysis or mortality of A. obtectus adults at all exposure times. However, spinetoram treatment at higher concentrations (0.5 and 1 ppm) after 3 day of exposure resulted in almost 100 % paralysis or mortality of A. obtectus adults. These results indicated that 1 ppm concentration of spinetoram is enough to obtain the complete mortality of A. obtectus for 3 day of exposure. Spinetoram treatments at 0.25, 0.5 and 1 ppm completely hindered its progeny production. In conclusion, based on mortality and progeny production results spinetoram would be potential to be used for control of A. obtectus on stored beans as an alternative protectant to the conventional insecticides.Öğe Resistance of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to Fumigation with Phosphine(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2015) Sağlam, Özgür; Edde, Peter A.; Phillips, Thomas W.Lasioderma serricorne (F.) is a serious pest of stored products that is known to be resistant to the fumigant pesticide gas phosphine. This study investigated resistance in populations from the southeastern United States, and determined if a recommended treatment schedule could kill resistant insects. A laboratory assay for adult insects was developed that used a discriminating concentration of 50 ppm phosphine applied to insects for 20 h at 25A degrees C followed by 7 d of recovery in air. Survivors were classified as resistant. L. serricorne from six different field populations associated with stored tobacco were surveyed with the assay and all had resistant individuals. Four populations had greater than 90% of their insects resistant. Two industry-recommended treatment schedules were evaluated in laboratory fumigations against mixed life stage cultures of the four most resistant populations: the first at 200 ppm for 4 d at 25A degrees C for controlling phosphine-susceptible L. serricorne and the second at 600 ppm for 6 d at 25A degrees C intended to control phosphine-resistant beetles. The four populations with the highest frequency of resistant individuals from the field sampling study were not controlled by the normal treatment intended for susceptible insects. The higher concentration treatment greatly reduced beetle progeny from mixed-stage colony jars, but there were substantial numbers of surviving adults from all four highly resistant populations that represented unacceptable levels of control.Öğe Spinetoram'ın Börülce Tohum Böceği, Callasobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchninae)'a Karşı Rezidüel Toksisitesinin Belirlenmesi(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2019) Sular, Mert; Sağlam, Özgür; Işıkber, Ali ArdaIn the present study, determination of residual toxicity of Spinetoram solution efficacy was evaluated on chickpeas against adult of Callasobruchus maculatus (F.) under laboratory condition. In laboratory bioassay, C. maculatus adults on chickpeas were exposed to Spinetoram 6, 12, 24, 48 and 60 ppm (mg active substance/l water) concentrations during 1,3,5 and 7 days. %100 paralyze and mortality rate of C. maculatus adults were recorded on surface treated chickpeas by Spinetoram at 48 ppm day of 5 and above concentration (60 ppm) day of 3. Spinetoram LC50, LC90, LC99 values of C. maculatus adults 3.177, 45.230, 79.514 ppm were recorded respectively. At Spinetoram concentrations of 48 and 60 ppm progeny production was less than 3 and 1 adult respectively while at 6, 12 and 24 ppm concentrations progeny production was 29, 13 and 5 adults. In conclusion, this bioassay showed potential ability to use of Spinetoram treatment as a solution on stored products against major stored leguminocae pest C. maculatus was revealed and to be an alternative for conventional synthetic insecticides. © 2019 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved.Öğe The effects of temperature for development time, fecundity and reproduction on some ornamental aphid species(2013) Özder, Nihal; Sağlam, ÖzgürThe development time, survivorship and reproduction of the Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), Eucallipterus tiliae L., Capitophorus elaeagni del Guercio, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Cinara cedri Mimeur were studied on the Lagerstroemia indica L., Tilia tomentosa Moench, Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Nerium oleander L. and Cédrus libani Loud, at four constant temperatures (20°C, 22.5°C, 25°C and 27.5°C). Total nymphal development time ranged from 7.78 d at 22.5°C to 9.81 d at 25°C of C.elaeagni, 9.32 d at 25°C to 12.5 d at 20°C of E. tiliae, 7.08 d at 27,5°C to 11.14 d at 20°C of S. kahawaluokalani, 15.85 d at 25°C to 12.57 d at 20°C of A. nerii and 13.00 d at 20°C to 10.07 d at 25°C of C. cedri. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) at 22.5°C had the highest value for S. kahawaluokalani and C. elaeagni (0.5703) and (0.2945) among all tested constant temperatures. The calculated rm was higher at 25°C for E. tiliae (1.4124) and C. cedri (0.2975) and at 20°C A. nerii (0.2648). That the optimal temperature for E. tiliae and C.cedri on T. tomentosa and C. libani was 25°C, for C. elaeagni and E. tiliae was 22.5°C on E. angustifolia and T. tomentosa and for A. nerii was 20°C on N. oleander.Öğe Yerel Diatomit Topraklarının Kokusuz Toz Sarımsak İle Karışımının Kırma Biti, Tribolium confusum du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)’ne Karşı Etkinliği(2021) Gökçe, Merve; Işıkber, Ali Arda; Sağlam, ÖzgürBu çalışmada iki yerel diatomit toprağı preparatının (Detech® ve Demite®) tek başına ve bunların kokusuz sarımsak tozuyla belli oranlardaki karışımlarının Kırma Biti, Tribolium confusum du Val. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)’ne karşı etkinliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla buğday üzerinde 25±1 ?C sıcaklık ve % 65±5 nispi nem ortamında tek başına iki yerel diatomit topraklarının ve bunların kokusuz sarımsak tozuyla karışımlarının 600, 900 ve 1500 ppm (mg DE/kg ürün) konsantrasyonlarda 7 ve 14 gün süreyle biyolojik testler yürütülmüştür. Mevcut çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre buğday üzerinde tek başına Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprağı uygulamaları ile Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprağı ile kokusuz sarımsak karışımlarının (E3, E4, E5 ve E6) test edilen böceklere karşı etkinlikleri uygulama konsantrasyonuna ve süresine göre önemli farklılıklar gösterdiği görülmüştür. Düşük konsantrasyonda (600 ppm) genel olarak Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprakların kokusuz sarımsak karışımlarının (E5 ve E6) T. confusum erginlerine karşı etkinliklerinin tek başına Demite® diatomit toprağı uygulamasına göre daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada düşük konsantrasyonda Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprağı uygulamasına kokusuz sarımsak eklemesinin T. confusum erginlerine karşı etkinliğin artmasına neden olduğu, dolayısıyla bu iki ticari yerel diatomit toprağı ile kokusuz sarımsak karışımlarının düşük konsantrasyonlarda (<900 ppm) T. confusm’un kontrolünde kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
