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Öğe Aerobik Stabilite Süresince Paket Silajlarinda Renk Değişimi(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, 2010) Toruk, Fulya; Koç, Fisun; Gönülol, ErkanBu çalışmada, paket silajlarda açım sonrası silaj yüzeyinin renginde meydana gelen değişimler ile bazı kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik parametreler, altı günlük aerobik stabilite süresince izlenmiştir. Uygulamalar; kontrol (K), Silo-king firma dozu (RF), silo-king çift doz (R2), Simsilaj firma dozu (SF) ve Simsilaj çift doz (S2) olarak belirlenmiştir. Mısır bitkisi, silaj paketleme makinası ile paketlenmiştir. Doksan günlük depolama sonrasında açılan örneklerden aerobik stabilite süresince CIE Lab renk sisteminde renk analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmada ayrıca, sarılık (yı*) indeksi de ölçülmüştür. Deneme sonucunda, aerobik stabilitenin silaj yüzey rengi üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05). En düşük renk değişimi (?E) 8.96 olarak S2 uygulamasında hesaplanmıştır. Renk değişimi en yüksek sıcaklık ve pH değerinin olduğu 96 saatte olmuştur. En yüksek CO2 değerleri firma dozu uygulamalarında bulunmuştur.Öğe Aktifleştirilmiş Lactobacillus buchneri’nin Yeniden Silolama Öncesi Mısır Silajına İlavesinin, Silajların Ham Besin Maddeleri İçeriği, in Vitro Sindirilebilirliği ve Aerobik Stabilitesi Üzerindeki Etkileri(2024) Erten, Kadir; Koç, FisunBu çalışmada, ikinci ürün mısır silajına aktifleştirilmiş Lactobacillus buchneri ilavesinin yeniden silolama üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Fermantasyonun 150. gününde açılan mısır silajları kontrol (K), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) ve aktifleştirilmiş Lactobacillus buchneri (aLB)) ilaveli olmak üzere 3 muamele grubu oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan bu muamele grupları 6,12 ve 24 saat süreyle havaya maruz bırakıldıktan sonra yeniden silolanmıştır. Yeniden silolanan mısır silajları 60 günlük fermantasyona bırakılmıştır. Yeniden silolama öncesi ve sonrası silajlarda mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Silajların in vitro gaz üretimi (İVGÜ) ve in vitro metan (CH4) üretim miktarları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen İVGÜ miktarları ile organik madde sindirilebilirlik (OMS), metabolik enerji (ME) ve net enerji laktasyon (NEL) değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Silolamanın 60. gününde açılan mısır silajlarına 7 günlük aerobik stabilite testi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada aLB ilavesinin mısır silajlarının nötral çözücülerde çözünmeyen lif (NDF), asit çözücülerde çözünmeyen lif (ADF), asit çözücülerde çözünmeyen lignin (ADL) değerlerini düşürdüğü, ham yağ (HY), İVGÜ ve CH4 miktarı ile OMS, ME ve NEL miktarını arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Havaya maruz kalma süresine bağlı olarak artış gösteren karbondioksit (CO2) miktarı aLB grubunda doğrusal olarak düşmüştür. Lactobacillus buchneri ilavesi ise mısır silajlarının ham protein (HP), ham selüloz (HS), NDF, ADF, ADL, asetik asit (AA) ve propiyonik asit (PA) miktarlarını artırmıştır. Silajlara LB ve aLB ilavesi, kontrol grubuna göre kuru madde (KM) kaybının daha az olmasını sağlamıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, 24 saat boyunca havaya maruz kalan silajların aLB katkısı ile yeniden silolanabileceği saptanmıştır.Öğe Bakteriyel İnokulant ve Organik Asit İlavesi ile Yeniden Silolamanın Mısır Silajının Aerobik Stabilitesi ve In Vitro Gaz Üretim Parametreleri Üzerine Olan Etkileri(2022) Erten, Kadir; Koç, Fisun; Kaya, AliBu çalışmada, mısır silajının, inokulant ve organik asit ilave edilerek farklı sürelerde yeniden silolanmasının silaj kalitesi ve aerobik stabilite açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın bitkisel materyalini II. ürün mısır silajı oluşturmuştur. Fermantasyon döneminin 150. gününde açılan mısır silajı 3 muamele grubuna bölünmüştür. Muamele grupları 1- Kontrol, 2- Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) 3- Organik Asit (OA)’ten oluşturulmuştur. Yeniden silolama süresinin etkisini ortaya koyabilmek amacı ile her bir muamele grubu kendi içerisinde alt muamele gruplarına ayrılarak oksijene maruz kaldığı sürenin 6., 12. ve 24. saatinde yeniden silolanarak fermantasyona tabi tutulmuştur. Yeniden silolamanın 60. günü açılan silajlarda kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, silajların in vitro gaz üretim değerleri saptanmıştır. Silolama döneminde (60. gün) açılan tüm silajlara 7 gün süre ile aerobik stabilite testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, mısır silajlarının katkı maddesi ilave etmeden yeniden silolanabileceğini, ancak yeniden silolamada organik asit kullanımının aerobik stabiliteyi geliştirdiği yönündedir. Yemlerin in vitro gaz değerlerinden elde edilen verilere göre, inkübasyon süresinin 24. saatinden 96. saatine kadar silolama süresinin 6. saatinde LB ve OA silajların metan üretimi, kontrol grubuna göre yüksek bulunmuştur (P<0.05).Öğe Bazı Mısır Çeşitlerinde Vejetasyon Döneminin Silolamada Fermantasyon Özellikleri ve Yem Değeri Üzerine Etkileri(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, 2009) Özdüven, Mehmet Levent; Koç, Fisun; Polat, Cemal; Coşkuntuna, Levend; Başkavak, Seda; Şamlı, Hasan ErsinBu çalışma; vejetasyonun farklı dönemlerinde biçilen bazı mısır çeşitlerinin (Akdeniz, Gözdem, Pioneer 3167, Ada 9510) materyalin fermantasyon özellikleri, besin madde içerikleri ve birim alandan üretilen in vitro sindirilebilir kuru ve organik madde miktarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Hasıllar erken süt olumu, süt olumu ve hamur olumu dönemlerinde biçilmişler ve yalnızca gaz çıkışına olanak tanıyan, 1.5 litrelik özel kavanozlarda silolanmıştır. Kavanozlar laboratuar koşullarında 25 ± 2 ºC’de depolanmışlardır. Silolanmadan 45 gün sonra açılan silajlarda kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, enzimatik yöntemle silajların in vitro organik madde sindirilebilirlikleri saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda fermantasyon özellikleri, ham besin maddeleri ve hücre duvarı kompozisyonları, birim alandan elde edilen kuru ve organik madde verimleri ve birim alandan elde edilen sindirilebilir organik madde miktarları biçim dönemi ve çeşit farklılıklarından önemli derecede etkilendikleri saptanmıştır.Öğe Determination Heavy Metal Levels of Some Feed Ingredients Produced in Tekirdag, Turkey(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Koç, Fisun; Tufan, Mahmut; Gürcan, Eser Kemal; Genç, SerdarMain objective of this study is to determine the pollution levels and province variatons of polluting agents in some feed ingredients produced in Tekirdag and also to determine whether legal tolerance levels had been exceed or not. In order to achive this goal, cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper, zinc, iron analysis were performed during the fiscal year of 2007 from feed ingredients (wheat, sunflower, barley) in two province Tekirdag. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) had been utilized for heavy metals. The data showed heavy metal level in feed ingredients for ruminants in Tekirdag were lower compared to current European regulations. The monitoring of these elements content is necessary as well, although not at same level as, for instance for lead and cadmium.Öğe Determination of Aflatoxin B-1 Contamination of Commercial Mixed Feeds (For Dairy Cow) by Immunoaffinity Column Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Koç, Fisun; Sunnetci, Selim; Coşkuntuna, Arzu; Coşkuntuna, LeventIn this study, aflatoxin B, levels of commercial mixed feeds (for dairy cow) produced in Thrace region, Turkey were determined by immunoaffinity column and HPLC and the results were compared with the values accepted by Turkish Feed Legislation, Aflatoxin 13 levels of 104 feed samples collected from 8 factories in 2 different seasons (June-July-August; December-January-February) ranged between 0 to 7.83 mu g kg, Two samples (5.19 and 7.83 mu g kg) had exceeded the tolerance limit accepted by Turkish Feed Legislation (5 mu g kg). It was also recorded for samples collected in the second season (December-January-February) from the point of seasonal variation. It was noted that aflatoxin B, content of the samples collected in the winter. Seasonal variations with regard to aflatoxin B, were statistically significant (p < 0.01). As a result, aflatoxin B, levels in 98.07 % of the samples provided throughout the year did not exceed the maximum tolerance limit established by Turkish Feed Legislation.Öğe Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages(Univ Namik Kemal, 2022) Esen, Selim; Okuyucu, Berrin; Koç, Fisun; Özdüven, Mehmet LeventThe current study aimed to determine the nutritional quality and aerobic stability of sorghum, maize, and their mixture silages without any additives. Sorghum and maize were harvested at dough stage from a local farm in Tekirdag. Fresh plant materials were chopped to a length of 2-3 cm and packed into polythene bags, and vacuumed. A total of 12 vacuum-packed silos (4 replications in each treatment) were prepared with sorghum (S), maize (M), and a mixture of sorghum-maize (SM) forage (w:w, 50:50 according to dry matter) and stored at room temperature for 60 days. The chemical and microbiological composition of silages with the rate of aerobic deterioration upon aerobic exposure were evaluated. Based on the pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration, all silages could be classified as good quality. The water-soluble carbohydrate level of the SM group increased due to mixing S and M forages, leading to improved lactic acid content. The NDF and ADF values of silages varied between 520.52-588.32 and 234.98-309.01 g kg(-1), and the differences between silages were significant (P<0.01). The Hemicellulose/Cellulose ratio of S, M, and SM silages were found 0.94, 1.49, and 1.18, respectively. The lactobacilli and yeast content of silages were significant and varied between 5.18-7.41 and 5.18-7.29 log cfu g -1 , and the highest and lowest values were observed in SM and S silages, respectively (P<0.01). No visible mold was detected in all silages after 5 days of aerobic exposure (P>0.05). The pH, CO2, and yeast numbers were varied in groups between 4.88-6.74, 55.71-119.33 g kg(-1), and 8.40-9.01 log cfu g(-1). It was concluded that it is possible to improve the nutritional and fermentation characteristics of sorghum and maize silage by ensiling their mixture. However, it is highly recommended that silage additives should be used to guarantee and strengthen the fermentation and aerobic stability of silage mostly made by a mixture of these two energetic forage crops.Öğe Effect of addition of a commercial organic acid mixture on feed microbiology according to duration and conditions of storage(Taylor & Francis As, 2008) Şamlı, Hasan Ersin; Sırcı, G.; Bermejo, J. Lorenzo; Koç, Fisun; Ağma Okur, Aylin; Şenköylü, NizamettinThe present study investigated the relationship between addition of a commercial organic acid mixture to feed and feed microbiology. Feedstuffs' composition and duration, temperature and humidity of feed storage were taken into account. The evaluated organic mixture contained formic acid, ammonium formate, propionic acid, ammonium propionate and inorganic phyllosilicate carrier. Microbiological changes were investigated in five types of feed using a 222 factorial design: organic acid addition (with/without), conditions of storage (22C and 57% relative humidity (HR)/41C and 65% HR) and storage duration (30/60 days). Supplementation of the organic acid mixture has positive effect on feed microbiology.Öğe Effect of chemical content and physical characteristics on nutritional value of wheat varieties collected from Thrace region(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008) Coşkuntuna, Levent; Koç, Fisun; Coşkun, FatmaIn poultry feed industry, wheat ranks as the second most important grain after maize. The inclusion level of wheat in poultry diets depends on its nutritional composition as well as on the content of antinutritional factors. The importance of these factors may vary not only depending on variety of wheat but also on the geographic location where the grain produced. The aim of the present study was to compare the nutritional values of wheat varieties collected from Thrace region (Kirklareli, Edirne, Tekirdag) with respect to poultry nutrition. The present study demonstrated that crude protein content of the wheat varieties from 12.39, 13.68, and 15.83%, respectively and the difference, in this respect, among the three province were significant (P<0.01). Crude fiber values were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different either, being to 2.93, 2.88, and 3.27%, respectively. Physical characteristics such as one thousand grain weight and hectoliter weight were significantly different (P<0.01). Viscosity values of wheat varieties obtained from Thrace region (Kirklareli, Edirne, Tekirdag) were measured to be 2.52, 2.34 and 2:32 cPs, respectively. However, viscosity values were not significantly different (P>0.05). pH values were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different either, being to 5.51, 5.67, and 5.90, respectively. Significant negative correlations were found between crude fiber and thousand grain weight (r = -0.76), crude ash and hectoliter weight (r = -0.51), whereas significant positive correlations dry matter and crude fiber (r = 0.56) from Kirklareli. Significant negative correlations were found between dry matter and pH (r = -0.82), crude fiber and viscosity r = -0.57), whereas significant positive correlations dry matter and viscosity (r = 0.62) from Edirne. Significant negative correlations were found between dry matter and thousand grain weight (r = -0.79), dry matter and hectoliter weight (r = -0.67), whereas significant positive correlations thousand grain weight and hectoliter weight (r = 0.87) from Tekirdag. In addition to chemical composition, Physical characteristics such as thousand weight and hectoliter weight might be important in the usage of grains as feedstuffs for poultry. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.Öğe Effect of different kefir source on fermentation, aerobic stability and microbial community of alfalfa silage(MDPI AG, 2021) Koç, Fisun; Ünal, Emel Özkan; Okuyucu, Berrin; Esen, S.; Işık, RaziyeThe present study has been one of the first attempts to thoroughly examine the effects of different kefir sources on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, and microbial communities of alfalfa silages. The effects of commercial kefir (CK) and homemade kefir culture (HK) applied with untreated a common control (CON) and three different application doses (5.0, 5.7, and 6.0 log cfu g?1) on wilted alfalfa and stored at an ambient temperature of 25–30 °C are studied. After 45 days of ensiling, fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of silages were measured, and bacterial diversity was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using the GenomeLab™ GeXP platform. Both CK and HK accelerate more lactic acid production and reduced ammonia nitrogen concentration. Factor analysis of kefir sources suggests that the addition of kefir improves the aerobic stability of silages, even the initial water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content is inadequate via its antimicrobial effect on yeast and mold formation. Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceous, and Lactobacillus brevis were dominant bacterial species among the treated groups at silo opening, while Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis became dominant bacterial species after 7 days of aerobic exposure. In conclusion, the application of kefir on alfalfa silages improves fermentation quality and aerobic stability even with low WSC content. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Öğe Effect of freeze-dried kefir culture inoculation on nutritional quality, in vitro digestibility, mineral concentrations, and fatty acid composition of white clover silages(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Esen, Selim; Cabi, Evren; Koç, FisunIn this investigation, the aim was to examine the impact of freeze-dried kefir culture (KC) on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, nutritive value, in vitro digestibility, some micro- and macronutrient concentration, and fatty acid (FA) composition of white clover (WC) silages. White clover silages were either uninoculated (Con) or inoculated with KC at the following application rates: 10 mg/kg (K10), 50 mg/kg (K50), 100 mg/kg (K100) on a fresh basis, and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos for 270 days, followed by 5 days of aerobic exposure. Changes in fermentation characteristics and nutritive value, in vitro digestibility and gas production (GP), mineral concentrations, and FA composition were assessed in terminal silages. The results showed that KC could effectively reduce neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and ammonia-N contents. The increased acetic acid content of KC-treated silages improved aerobic stability. Freeze-dried kefir culture made no significant difference in cumulative GP and estimated parameters except for 48 and 72 h. It is evidently clear from the findings that KC reduced the K, Na, Se, and B concentrations of WC silages, whereas Ca, Zn, and Fe concentrations increased. In addition, KC significantly increased the proportion of saturated FA (SFA) in WC silages, whereas the proportion of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) decreased. However, KC did not significantly affect the monounsaturated FA proportion of WC silages. Overall, it is concluded that adding 50-100 mg/kg of KC on a fresh basis is appropriate to improve the nutritional value of WC silages.Öğe Effect of Pre-Fermented Juice, Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Buchneri on the Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of High Dry Matter Alfalfa Bale Silage(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2017) Koç, Fisun; Aksoy, S. Öztürk; Okur, Aylin Ağma; Çelikyurt, G.; Korucu, D.; Özdüven, Mehmet LeventThe experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-fermented juice (PFJ), Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium (LP), and Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) on the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of alfalfa bale silage. The herbage was wilted to 602.3 g/kg dry matter (DM). Treatments of alfalfa silage included (1) control; (2) PFJ: 2.6x10(5) colony-forming units (cfu/g); (3) LP: 1.0x10(6) cfu/g Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium (Pioneer 1188, USA) and (4) LB: 1.0x10(6) cfu/g Lactobacillus buchneri (Pioneer 11A44) and baled, 150 days. At the end of the ensiling period, three bales of each treatment group were opened, chemical and microbiological analyses were made. Consequently, lactic acid bacteria inoculants and PFJ increased the quality of alfalfa silages. In terms of aerobic stability, PFJ and LP used had a positive effect on CO2 concentrations coliform bacteria and yeast. Also, LB inoculant decreased NDF content and increased in vitro organic matter digestibility of silages. A total number of 15 representatives of lactic acid bacterial strains were retained and among them 3 dominant genus were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (46.66%), Lactobacillus pentosaceus (33.33%) and Lactobacillus collinoides (20%). It can be concluded that PFJ can be used as silage additive alfalfa bale silage in farm condition.Öğe EFFECT OF PRE-FERMENTED JUICE, LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AND LACTOBACILLUS BUCHNERI ON THE FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF HIGH DRY MATTER ALFALFA BALE SILAGE(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2017) Koç, Fisun; Aksoy, S. Öztürk; Okur, A. Agma; Çelikyurt, G.; Korucu, D.; Özdüven, M. L.The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-fermented juice (PFJ), Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium (LP), and Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) on the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of alfalfa bale silage. The herbage was wilted to 602.3 g/kg dry matter (DM). Treatments of alfalfa silage included (1) control; (2) PFJ: 2.6x10(5) colony-forming units (cfu/g); (3) LP: 1.0x10(6) cfu/g Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium (Pioneer 1188, USA) and (4) LB: 1.0x10(6) cfu/g Lactobacillus buchneri (Pioneer 11A44) and baled, 150 days. At the end of the ensiling period, three bales of each treatment group were opened and chemical and microbiological analyses were made. Consequently, lactic acid bacteria inoculants and PFJ increased the quality of alfalfa silages. In terms of aerobic stability, PFJ and LP used had a positive effect on CO2 concentrations coliform bacteria and yeast. Also, LB inoculant decreased NDF content and increased in vitro organic matter digestibility of silages. A total number of 15 representatives of lactic acid bacterial strains were retained and among them 3 dominant genus were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (46.66%), Lactobacillus pentosaceus (33.33%) and Lactobacillus collinoides (20%). It can be concluded that PFJ can be used as silage additive alfalfa bale silage in farm condition.Öğe Effect of pre-fermented juice, Lactobacillus plantarum and lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of high dry matter alfalfa bale silage(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2017) Koç, Fisun; Aksoy, S. Öztürk; Okur, A.A.; Çelikyurt, G.; Korucu, D.; Özdüven, M.L.The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-fermented juice (PFJ), Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium (LP), and Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) on the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of alfalfa bale silage. The herbage was wilted to 602.3 g/kg dry matter (DM). Treatments of alfalfa silage included (1) control; (2) PFJ: 2.6×105 colony-forming units (cfu/g); (3) LP: 1.0×106 cfu/g Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium (Pioneer 1188, USA) and (4) LB: 1.0×106 cfu/g Lactobacillus buchneri (Pioneer 11A44) and baled, 150 days. At the end of the ensiling period, three bales of each treatment group were opened, chemical and microbiological analyses were made. Consequently, lactic acid bacteria inoculants and PFJ increased the quality of alfalfa silages. In terms of aerobic stability, PFJ and LP used had a positive effect on CO2 concentrations coliform bacteria and yeast. Also, LB inoculant decreased NDF content and increased in vitro organic matter digestibility of silages. A total number of 15 representatives of lactic acid bacterial strains were retained and among them 3 dominant genus were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (46.66%), Lactobacillus pentosaceus (33.33%) and Lactobacillus collinoides (20%). It can be concluded that PFJ can be used as silage additive alfalfa bale silage in farm condition. © 2017, Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum. All rights reserved.Öğe Effectiveness of enzymes and inoculants on biological pretreatment of different high dry matter lignocellulosic materials(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Koç, Fisun; Eser, S.; Okuyucu, Berrin; Esen, S.The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of enzymes and inoculants on different high dry matter lignocellulosic materials (forage pea, rice, and wheat straw) by using principal component and multiple factor analysis (MFA) to select the appropriate one for field application. The straws were pretreated with no addition, enzymes, inoculants, and their combination. Fermentation quality, chemical and microbial composition (except dry matter, DM), cell-wall components, and digestibility were significantly affected by pretreatment type with a varied significance level. Factor analysis, which allows easier interpretation by reducing the original variables into a smaller number, explains 85.46% of the total variability of original variables, while the first two factors explain 53.30%. Besides, the results of MFA clearly show that straw types were more important than the biological pretreatment type for high DM lignocellulosic materials. Cell-wall fraction and chemical composition seemed the limiting factors that affect to yield of high-quality straw silages. © 2021 Elsevier LtdÖğe Effects of Apple Vinegar Addition on Aerobic Deterioration of Fermented High Moisture Maize Using Infrared Thermography as an Indicator(MDPI, 2022) Okur, Aylin Ağma; Gözlüklü, K.; Okur, Ersen; Okuyucu, Berrin; Koç, Fisun; Özdüven, Mehmet LeventThis study was carried out to determine the effects of apple vinegar and sodium diacetate addition on the aerobic stability of fermented high moisture maize grain (HMM) silage after opening. In the study, the effect of three different levels (0%, 0.5% and 1%) of apple vinegar (AV) and sodium diacetate (SDA) supplementation to fermented HMM at two different storage conditions (27–29?C, 48% Humidity; 35–37?C, 26% Humidity) were investigated. The material of the study was fermented rolled maize grain with 62% moisture content stored for about 120 days. Silage samples were subjected to aerobic stability test with three replicates for each treatment group. Wendee and microbiological analyses were made at 0, 2, 4, 7, and 12 days. Meanwhile, samples were displayed in the T200 IR brand thermal camera. According to the thermogram results, 1% SDA addition positively affected HMM silages at the second and fourth days of aerobic stability at both storage conditions (p < 0.05). Aerobic stability and infrared thermography analysis indicated that 1% AV, 0.5%, and 1% SDA additions to HMM silages had promising effects. Due to our results, we concluded that thermal camera images might be used as an alternative quality indicator for silages in laboratory conditions. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Öğe Effects of bacterial inoculants and enzymes on the fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro organic matter digestibility characteristics of sunflower silages(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2017) Özdüven, Mehmet Levent; Koç, Fisun; Akay, VeyselObjective: This study was carried out to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculant, enzymes and lactic acid bacteria inoculant+enzymes mixture on the fermentation, cell wall content, aerobic stability and in vitro organic matter digestibility characteristics of sunflower silages. Methodology: Sunflower was harvested at the milk stage of maturity. The treatments were as follows: (1) Control (no additive), (2) Inoculation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, 2 g t-1, a mixture of Lactobacillus piantarum and Enterococcus faecium applied at a rate of 6.00 log10 CFU LAB g-l of fresh material) (3) Enzyme (E, 150000 CMCU kg-1 for cellulase and 200000 SKB kg-1 for amylase) and (4) LAB+enzyme mixture (LAB+E, 2 g t-1 a mixture of Lactobacillus piantarum bacterium (6.00 log10 CFU g-1) and 150000 CMCU kg-1 for cellulase and 200000 SKB kg-1 for amylase). After treatment, the chopped sunflower was ensiled in 1.0-l special anaerobic jars, equipped with a lid enabling gas release only. The jars were stored at 25±2°C under laboratory conditions. Three jars from each group were sampled for chemical and microbiological analysis for 2, 4, 8 and 60 days after ensiling. At the end of the ensiling period all silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for 5 days. Results: In addition, in vitro organic matter digestibilities of these silages were determined. Both inoculants (LAB and LAB+E) increased characteristics of fermentation but impaired aerobic stability of sunflower silages. Lactic acid bacteria+enzymes mixture inoculants decreased neutral and acid detergent fiber content and than control silages. Conclusion: In vitro organic matter digestibility was numerically increased for treated than control silages. © 2017 Mehmet Levent Ozduven et al.Öğe Effects of combined in ovo injection of dried whey and Enterococcus faecium on performance, ileal histomorphology, erythrocyte morphology and ileal microbiota of broiler chickens(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2015) Coşkun, İsa; Tahtabiçen, Ersin; Koç, Fisun; Okur, Aylin Ağma; Yılmaz, K.; Kanter, Mehmet; Şamlı, Hasan ErsinThe aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of in ovo injection of dried whey and Enterococcus faecium to fertile Ross 308 chicken eggs on performance, ileal histomorphology, ileum microbiota and edible viscera weights. A 2x2 factorial design was used. Fertile Ross 308 eggs were injected with 4 different solutions: A) control solution (distilled water), B) distilled water + 4% dried whey, C) distilled water + Enterococcus faecium, D) distilled water + 4% dried whey and Enterococcus faecium. Live weight, feed consumption, feed conversation ratio and ileal histomorphology, ileum microbiota, organ weight were recorded at 21 days of age. Live weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the treatments. At the end of the experiment, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) colonisation in ileum were 3.68, 4.81, 4.04 and 5.92 cfu/g respectively and the highest LAB colonisation was in the combined injection group. At the end of the experiment, villus height was 455, 484, 438 and 542 mu m respectively and the highest villus height was found in the combined injection group. Although broiler performance was not different among the groups, a combined injection of Enterococcus faecium and dried whey provided better LAB colonisation and increased villus height in ileum. In conclusion, a combined injection of Enterococcus faecium and dried whey has a symbiotic effect on ileal histomorphology and gut microbiota. However, further studies should be conducted to determine the effects of in ovo injection of different probiotic and/or symbiotic microorganisms and different stress factors on broiler performance.Öğe Effects of compaction and maturity stages on sunflower silage quality(Academic Journals, 2010) Toruk, F.; Gönülol, Erkan; Kayişo?lu, Birol; Koç, FisunThe aim of this research was to determine sunflower silage quality under different compaction conditions of the whole-plant sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) harvested at three different maturity stages. These were the beginning of Anthesis, one-third Milk Line, and Black Line. Five compaction applications (control, vacuum and compaction with 150, 248 and 498 kPa) were carried out in the study. For this purpose, cylindrical plastic mini-silos (5.2 L) were used. The chopped forages were compacted in mini-silos at five pressure levels. Each treatment was ensiled for 50 days in cylindrical plastic minisilos (5.2 L) silos with three replications. This study showed that compaction level and maturity stage had significant effects on silage quality (p < 0.05). The dry-matter content increased in the silages with maturity. The best results were observed when harvesting at the stage of one-third Milk Line and compaction with the level 498 kPa.Öğe Effects of compaction pressure on silage fermentation in bunker silo(Eesti Pollumajandusulikool, 2017) Tan, Fulya; Dalmış, İbrahim Savaş; Koç, FisunThe aim of this research was to determine the effects of compaction pressure on maize silage fermentation under field conditions. The CAT 955 L type work machine was used for the compaction of the material. In this research, a pressure measurement system was developed to measure the compaction pressure in bunker silos. In bunker silos, 24 points for pressure and temperature measurement were identified. Chemical and microbiological analyzes were made by taking samples from each measurement point. The lowest temperature is measured in the back wall of the silo. There is a significant relationship between pressure and temperature. Pressure had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on silage fermentation. There was a significant correlation between regions in bunker silo and pressure (R2 = 0.914, P < 0.01). © 2017, Eesti Pollumajandusulikool. All rights reserved.
