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Öğe An evaluation of fertilizer-based disturbances of agricultural lands and their remediation(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2023) Yeşilyurt, Sevinç; Gürgan, MuazzezReduction of fertility is one of the most important problems of the agricultural lands in today's world. This situation is mostly due to the widespread of conventional agriculture to feed the ever-growing population of the world. As a result, unconscious and excessive utilization of fertilizers to obtain the highest yield from unit area led to unfertile and polluted soils. Fertilization performed without proper evaluation of the nutrient element capacity of the soils can cause the micronutrient elements to reach a toxic level and research showed that together with excess phosphorus fertilizer utilization cadmium heavy metal levels have raised. Another source of pollution is the reduction of organic matter in soils below the sufficiency level due to conventional agriculture applications. Organic matter which affects productivity capacity of soils resulted from inaccurate fertilizer applications to eliminate the deficiencies of micronutrient elements led to toxic levels of some micro nutrient elements. The most economical and easy method to apply to remediate the pollution based on fertilizer utilization in the agricultural lands is phytoextraction. This chapter discusses how to form some pollutants due to fertilizers and solutions to this problem. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe An Investigation of the Correlation of Antibacterial Activity of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) with its Nutrient Elements(2022) Adiloğlu, Sevinç; Gürgan, MuazzezThe present study aimed to examine the correlation of plant nutrient elements with the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Thymus vulgaris L. grown on soil from the experimental field without application of fertilizers or pesticides on two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. The extract of thyme was obtained by maceration of aerial parts of the plant using methanol as the solvent. The contents of macro (P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micro (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) nutrients were detected by ICP-OES. The results showed that the macro nutrients were compatible with herbaceous perennial plants, while Fe, Mn and B micro nutrients were high. The methanol extract was significantly effective on inhibiting P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. faecalis, while did not inhibit E. coli. The correlation of K and Mg was significantly positive with the growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa suggesting that higher K and Mg contents of the plant would result in higher antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, most probably up to a point. On the other hand, significant positive correlation of B was found with the inhibition of both Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, the positive correlation of Ca with the growth inhibition of S. aureus was highly significant. The importance of nutrient contents in medicinal aromatic plants such as thyme was shown with this study. The results therefore imply the conscious and sustainable agriculture of medicinal aromatic plants is crucial for the antibacterial activity of thyme.Öğe BRASSICA NAPUS: BIOREMEDIATION(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2020) Gürgan, Muazzez; Adiloğlu, SevinçContaminated environments such as soils possess a primary problem for healthy agriculture. The soils should be decontaminated by biological means in order to be used for long term sustainable agriculture. One of the promising ways to decontaminate the soil is the bioremediation process in which plants, microorganisms or enzymes are employed to convert the contaminants into a less toxic form in soil. Besides being cost effective, the use of microorganisms and plants is an environmentally safe method. The genus Brassica is well distributed all over the world, consumed frequently due to its health benefits such as high vitamin and antioxidant enzyme contents. The plants belonging to Brassica genus are recently subject to research by their ability to ameliorate contaminants from soil. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the withdrawal of contaminants to the body of the plants. The organic content of the soils are critical in sustainable agriculture of Brassica napus, however organic contents of the soils decrease by conventional agricultural practices in recent years which, together with the increase in soil contaminants, negatively affect the cultivation of this plant. Alternative methods to ameliorate the inorganic and organic contaminants have been shown to increase yield and minimize the negative effects of those contaminants. Biofertilization, basically with microorganisms, both increase the yield in Brassica napus cultivation and intoxicate the contaminants in soils. In this chapter the use of Brassica napus and microorganisms in bioremediation of contaminated soils are reviewed. © 2020 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe BRASSICA NAPUS: PHYTOREMEDIATION(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2020) Adiloğlu, Sevinç; Gürgan, MuazzezThe importance of healthy nutrition and obtaining the highest yield from unit area is increasing in order to feed the increasing world’s population. Besides the loss of agricultural lands due to misuse, pollution is another threatening factor for agriculture. Agricultural lands are being polluted by many ways such as excessive fertilization and agricultural spraying, industrial activities and vehicles, especially for areas next to highways. Cleaning the contaminated soil is an important issue besides obtaining the highest yield from unit are these days. For this purpose, phytoremediation was developed which is an economical and easy to apply method. Hyper accumulator plants form the basis for the application of this method. Plants belonging to Brassicaea family are frequently used as hyper accumulator and Brassica napus is one the most often employed species. It is especially used for remediation of heavy metal contamination. Among the heavy metals cobalt, lead, chromium and nickel are the leading contaminants. Chelates are another parameter affecting uptake of these metals by Brassica napus. Foremost among them are EDTA, EDDHA, DTPA, HEDTA and amino acids. Organic matters act as chelates and help the hyper accumulator Brassica napus to uptake contaminants in its body when this plant is cultivated especially in soils rich in organic matter. On the other hand highway sides, areas close to industrial zones, excess and unconscious fertilization cause accumulation of heavy metals. In this review, role of Brassica napus in heavy metal phytoremediation and its relation with contaminants were evaluated. © 2020 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe Developments in Environmental Microbiology and Biodegradation/Biotransformation of Persistent Pollutants in Activated Sludge Population: A Case Study on Renewability of Activated Sludge Exposed to a New Generation Nanoparticular Photocatalyst(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2022) Gürgan, Muazzez; Töre, Günay YıldızThe rapid increase in population, urbanization and industrialization brings about the need to clean the water bodies which are frequently polluted by organic, inorganic and persistent pollutants in domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes. The removal or transformation of these contaminants into less harmful forms are therefore crucial for both reuse and discharges of wastewater. Microbial communities lie at the heart of the biological wastewater treatment plants because the metabolic actions of several different species of microorganisms lead to breakdown of biodegradable materials or conversion of toxic inorganic contaminants into less toxic or insoluble forms. Information on the structure and change in the microbial communities is crucial for developing treatment and remediation strategies. So, this chapter presents the recent studies on the status and interactions of microorganisms in the activated sludge employed in the removal of antibiotics from wastewaters in the light of recent developments in molecular analyses. Moreover, this chapter will also evaluate that the effect of new generation photocatalyst, prepared in the laboratory, on the change in microbial population which treats real domestic wastewater and characterized by a new generation sequencing study after DNA isolation. © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe Effect of the Synthesis Method, Complexing Agent and Solvent on the Physicochemical Properties of LaNiO3 Nanopowders(Chem Soc Pakistan, 2022) Faical, Djani; Martinez-Arias, Arturo; Gürgan, MuazzezLaNiO3 nanopowders are synthesized by sol-gel and sol-gel combustion methods using citric acid, ascorbic acid and sucrose as chelating agents, and ethanol and water as solvents. The precursor thermal decomposition towards the final solid was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric techniques which were also used to provide the adequate temperature of calcination (800 degrees C) for achievement of the final perovskite. After calcination, the nanocomposites were characterized by powder size distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.Öğe Increasing concentrations of iron fertilizer affect antibacterial activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Gürgan, Muazzez; Adiloğlu, SevinçThe fertilizer utilization in agriculture may affect the properties of the cultivars which can harm metabolism and affect the health benefits of plants. Medicinal aromatic plants are subject to a great area of utilization all over the world in traditional medicine, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. These plants have antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial effects due to their bioactive ingredients. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the medicinal plants cultivated around the world. It is rich in antioxidants and phenolic compounds and therefore has inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. The properties of soil affect and alter the nutrient elements and bioactive components of the plants. The agricultural soils are under pollution upon urbanization, industrialization and agricultural practices that may cause accumulation of elements which are normally required for growth and healthy metabolism of plants to a toxic level. In this study the change in macro and micro nutrient contents of basil plant grown in soil with applications of 100 and 200 mg/kg chelated iron were compared with those of the control condition. Moreover, the effect the chelated iron on the antibacterial activity of basil extract was evaluated on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with agar well diffusion method as well as the correlation of antibacterial activity with macro and micro elements. The results revealed that basil has an ability to accumulate iron from soil. However, Fe accumulation might have exerted a toxicity on basil and decreased in some micronutrients and impairment in metabolism of basil. Accordingly, increased chelated iron application elevated the iron content of the plant and decreased inhibitory level on both bacteria. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Microarray analysis of high light intensity stress on hydrogen production metabolism of Rhodobacter capsulatus(Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Gürgan, Muazzez; Koku, H.; Eroğlu, I.; Yücel, M.Biohydrogen obtained from purple non sulfur bacteria (PNSB) is an environmentally friendly alternative for hydrogen production. PNSB can be employed in large scale outdoor photobioreactors to produce hydrogen by photofermentation with sunlight as the light source. In external environmental conditions, however, bacteria can experience stress due to high light intensities, which can inhibit or slow down hydrogen production. Previous studies with other PNSB showed varying responses to light intensities (above 4000 lux), in some cases improving, and in others adversely affecting hydrogen production. In this study, Rhodobacter capsulatus, a PNSB species that produce hydrogen efficiently from dark fermenter effluents containing acetate, was used to investigate the effects of high light intensity stress on the hydrogen production metabolism at the gene expression level. A microarray analysis was carried out using a custom-design Affymetrix GeneChip TR_RCH2a520699F. R. capsulatus DSM1710 was grown under a cyclic illumination of 2000 and 7000 lux (12 h light/12 h dark) in a hydrogen production medium having 30 mM acetate and 2 mM glutamate, and was exposed to a high light intensity (10,000 lux) for 1 h in the middle of a light period. The results reveal that photosynthetic reaction center genes were down-regulated in order to protect the photosynthetic membrane from damage. On the other hand, the expression of nitrogenase and electron transport system genes were enhanced by high light intensity. These results show that a high light intensity stress drives R. capsulatus to direct gene expression towards hydrogen production, which supports the hypothesis that hydrogen production is a way for the disposal of excess reducing equivalents to maintain the internal redox balance. © 2018Öğe Novel binuclear antimony(III) halide complexes of 5-methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole: synthesis, structural characterization, and biological studies(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2020) Öztürk, İbrahim İsmet; Yarar, Sinem; Gürgan, Muazzez; Ceyhan, Deniz; Panagiotou, Nikos; Tasiopoulos, Anastasios J.; Aral, CenkThe new binuclear antimony(III) complexes corresponding to the formulas [SbCl3(µ2-S)(MtMBZIM)2]2 (1), {[SbBr2(µ2-Br)(MtMBZIM)2]2·H2O} (2) and {[SbI2(µ2-I)(MtMBZIM)2]2·H2O} (3) (MtMBZIM: 5-methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole) have been synthesized and structurally characterized with regard to their melting point, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, FT-IR, and FT-Raman spectroscopic techniques, and TG-DTA analysis. The crystal structures of 1-3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-3 are doubly bridged dimers and in each square pyramidal monomeric unit, the equatorial plane is formed by two sulfur and two halogen atoms in trans-S, trans-X arrangement. The monomeric units in 2 and 3 are linked to each other via halogen bridges, but in 1, they are linked to each other via sulfur bridges; to our knowledge, this binding type is the first example of trans-S, trans-X square pyramidal antimony(III) complexes. Newly synthesized complexes with their corresponding ligand have been tested for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against human adenocarcinoma cervix (HeLa) cells as well as for their antimicrobial activity. The influence of 1-3 on the catalytic peroxidation of the linoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) has been determined experimentally and theoretically. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Öğe Phytoremediation and purple non sulfur bacteria(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2021) Gürgan, Muazzez; Adiloğlu, SevinçMicroorganisms are vital for agriculture as they possess biochemical reactions required for the quality and productivity of agricultural soils. Bacteria are the most diverse and intense group of microorganims and essential members of soil microorganisms as they produce phytohormones, secondary metabolites and protect plants against diseases. Bacterial diversity and amount is crucial for cycling of elements and nutrients in soil, therefore are one of the factors determining the fertility of soil. Purple non sulfur bacteria are a non taxonomic group of bacteria which are Gram negative bacteria having many growth modes. They enrich soil by fixing carbon and atmospheric nitrogen and making them available for plant uptake. This way these bacteria can be employed as biofertilizers in agriculture to enhance growth of different ground and surface plant parts. This review summarizes the properties of purple non sulfur bacteria and their use in plant growth enhancement and bioremediation. © 2021 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe REMEDIATION OF BORON TOXICITY USING BACTERIA(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2021) Gürgan, Muazzez; Adiloğlu, SevinçBoron is a very important mine for the world and an absolutely required plant nutrient especially for sustainable soil fertility. Turkey is the leading country in terms of boron reserve. It can reach to toxic levels due to mining activities, municipal wastes and agricultural activities. This may lead to severe productivity decrease in agriculture and may harm human health via food chain. Boron is the 51st most widespread element of the earth crust but is not found in a free from but always as a compound. However, it can easily enter the soil solution and therefore can enter plant body easily as an available form. Boron can become toxic to organisms. It can contaminate soil and wastewaters. The contamination of boron can be remediated using boron tolerant and boron accumulating bacteria belonging to Bacillus, Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Acinetobacter genera. Bacteria especially belonging to Bacillus genus have been isolated from boron contaminated sites and suggested to be used for bioremediation of such areas. This study reviews the bioremediation of boron contaminated sites by bacteria related with the accumulation of boron. © 2021 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Role of physical and chemical agents in plants for tolerance to boron nutrition(Elsevier, 2022) Aliyari, Rad, S.; Dehghanian, Z.; Asgari Lajayer, B.; Gürgan, Muazzez; Astatkie, TessBoron is a necessary plant micronutrient that is often absorbed by the roots as boric acid. It plays an essential role in plant metabolism by stabilizing molecules of cis-diol complexes. The element is implicated in the formation and function of the cell envelope. It plays a key role in the transportation of various biochemicals. Boron has a rather small spectrum of shortage and toxicity, and a lack of boron has a harmful consequence on plant functions. Boron is transported across the plasma membrane in plants through different mechanisms that work to support boron absorption and translocation to reinforce plant development when boron is limited. Boron shortage problem could be solved with fertilization; however, the boron needs of different species vary dramatically. Therefore, the available boron in the soil might be low for one crop but toxic to others. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Structural and biological features of bismuth(III) halide complexes with heterocyclic thioamides(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Öztürk, İbrahim İsmet; Şirinkaya, Emine T.; Çakmak, Mehmet; Gürgan, Muazzez; Ceyhan, Deniz; Panagiotou, Nikos; Tasiopoulos, Anastasios J.Ten novel bismuth(III) halide complexes of [Bi(L)X3]n, [Bi(L)2×3]2, and [Bi(L)3×3] structural types were synthesized, in which L: 5-ethoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 5?methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole and N-methylbenzothiazole. Bismuth(III) halide complexes 1–10 were characterized by melting point, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-Visible, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques, as well as by the Thermogravimetric-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The crystal structures of complexes 1–10 were determined by using single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The results show that the bismuth(III) complexes exist as monomer (4), doubly-bridged dimer (1–3 and 5–9), and edge-sharing polymer (10), in which the central bismuth atom is a six-coordinated and adopts distorted octahedral geometries. We report here, for the first time, cis-sulfur, cis-halide arrangement of the doubly-bridged dimer bismuth(III) complexes. The intermolecular interactions in bismuth(III) complexes play a very important role in the supramolecular architecture. A detailed analysis of the intermolecular interactions has been performed as based on the Hirshfeld surfaces and their associated two-dimensional fingerprint plots. Bismuth(III) halide complexes 1–10 and their free ligands have been screened for antimicrobial activity against two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212). The influence of complexes 1–10 and the free ligands on the catalytic peroxidation of the linoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) has been determined experimentally and theoretically. © 2020Öğe Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel antimony(III) iodide complexes with tetramethylthiourea and N-ethylthiourea(Elsevier S.A., 2019) Öztürk, İbrahim İsmet; Yarar, S.; Gürgan, Muazzez; Ceyhan, Deniz; Banti, Christina N.; Hadjikakou, Sotiris K.; Tasiopoulos, Anastasios J.Novel trivalent antimony(III) complexes with tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) and N-ethylthiourea (NETU) were synthesized by the reaction of antimony(III) iodide (SbI3). Antimony(III) iodide complexes of formulae {[SbI2(µ2-I)(TMTU)2]2} (1) and {[(NETU)SbI2(µ2-I)2(µ2-S-NETU)SbI2(NETU)]} (2) were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, FT-Raman, 1H and 13C NMR), TG-DTA analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies showed that the complexes existed as doubly bridged (1) and triply bridged (2) dimers. Crystal structure of the ligand N-ethylthiourea was also determined with single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes 1 and 2 were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against human adenocarcinoma cells HeLa (cervix). The toxicity of 1 and 2 was evaluated on normal human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). Both complexes showed selectivity against the cancerous, than normal cells. The influence of 1 and 2, on the catalytic peroxidation of the linoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) was determined experimentally and theoretically. The complexes 1 and 2 exhibited higher activity than free ligands against LOX. The in vitro antibacterial activities of free ligands and their antimony(III) iodide complexes 1 and 2 were tested against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) bacteria. The complexes 1 and 2 were much more effective in terms of antimicrobial activity compared to the free ligands. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Synthesis, Characterization, Anti-bacterial and Antiinflammatory Activities of Bismuth(III) Complexes Based on 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole(2022) Öztürk, İbrahim İsmet; Gürgan, MuazzezBismuth, known as a heavy metal, is excluded from this class due to its low toxicity. Due to this feature, bismuth containing compounds have always been interesting compounds in the field of medicinal chemistry. For this reason, the discovery of new bismuth compounds and the investigation of their biological properties are very important for this field. In this study, three new bismuth(III) compounds formulated as [Bi(L)2X3] (L: 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole (ClMBZT); X: Cl, Br, and I) were synthesized for the first time and, the molecular structure of them were elucidated by a series of spectroscopic techniques. Thermal stability and degradation steps of the title compounds were analyzed by Thermogravimetric-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The antibacterial study has been conducted against six strains bacteria, and the results indicated that bismuth(III) compounds generally showed more effective antibacterial activity than free ligand. The anti-inflammatory potential of bismuth(III) compounds was investigated through in vitro lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition studies. The results show that bismuth(III) compounds have higher anti-inflammatory potential than free ligand.Öğe Tekirdağ İlinde Yetişen Asfalt Otu (Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt) Bitkisinin Kimyasal Bileşenleri ve Antibakteriyel Aktivitesi(2024) Çalışkan, Hilmican; Gürgan, MuazzezBu çalışmadaki amacımız, Tekirdağ ilinde yetişen Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt bitkisinin kimyasal bileşenlerini GC-MS yöntemi ile araştırmak ve ham ekstrelerinde antibakteriyel aktivitesini belirlemektir. B. bituminosa bitkisinden Soxhlet metodu ile elde edilen hekzan, diklorometan ve metanol ekstresinin kimyasal bileşenleri, GC-MS yöntemi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. B. bituminosa'nın kimyasal bileşenleri üzerine yaptığımız araştırma sonucunda hekzan ekstresinde otuz dört adet, diklorometan ekstresinde otuz sekiz adet ve metanol ekstresinde otuz beş adet bileşik tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada denenen hem Gram-pozitif hem de Gram-negatif bakteriler üzerinde en yüksek antibakteriyel etki B. bituminosa'nın hekzan ekstresinde elde edilmiştir.Öğe The correlation of some nutrient elements and antibacterial activity of the basil (ocimum basilicum)(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2020) Gürgan, Muazzez; Adiloğlu, SevinçThis study aimed to analyze the correlation of some macro and micro nutritional elements of the basil plant (Ocimum basilicum) with the antibacterial activity of the basil extract on two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria. The extract of the basil plants grown in laboratory conditions was obtained by solid-liquid extraction with ethanol after drying and burning of the freshly harvested above ground parts. The macro (P, K, Ca, and Mg), micro (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) nutrients and a functional element (Al) amounts were detected by ICP-OES. The results revealed that the basil extract was compatible with herbaceous perennial plants in terms of macro nutrient elements P, K, Ca and Mg. Moreover, some micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, B) and the functional element Al was found to be significantly high. The basil extract was significantly effective on inhibiting the Gram negative E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Gram positive S. aureus and E. faecium. The element B was found to be positively correlated with the antibacterial activity of the basil plant suggesting as the B content increases, the antibacterial activity of basil extract is supposed to increase, too. The P and K contents were found to be positively correlated with antibacterial activity, while Ca and Mg contents were negatively correlated. The correlation analysis of the nutritional elements, this extract can be suggested to be more preferrable against Gram positive bacteria, especially when the Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn levels are high. These results revealed the importance of the macro and micro nutrient contents of medicinal plants which can be used traditionally against various diseases. In basil cultivation the soils low in lime may convert the negative correlation of Ca and Mg into a positive correlation in terms of antibacterial effect. Conscious and proper fertilization therefore is suggested to be effective on antibacterial activity of the basil plant. © 2020 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved.Öğe The effects of increasing amounts of vermicompost and a fixed amount of Rhodobacter capsulatus applications on macro and micro elements of plant and soil samples(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Adiloğlu, Sevinç; Eryılmaz Açıkgöz, Funda; Bellitürk, Korkmaz; Gürgan, Muazzez; Solmaz, Yusuf; Adiloğlu, AydınSoil pollution increases day by day due to excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides which can disturb natural environment of the soil when applied consistently. Sustainable and healthy agricultural in long term, however, can be obtained by the utilization of organic fertilizers and bacterial fertilizers. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of bacteria and vermicompost applications on soil fertility and some nutrient elements of exotic plant Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.). Standard variety green Malabar spinach was used as plant material and Rhodobacter capsulatus and solid vermicompost were used as fertilizers in this study. The experiment was conducted according to the randomized block design in triplicates. The trials in the study were as follows: control, only bacteria (B) (10 mL/pot), only solid vermicompost (8%), and three different vermicompost concentrations (V1: 4%. V2: 8%. V3: 12%) with fixed amount of bacteria (10 mL/pot). The bacteria and vermicompost were mixed with soil during planting. The results showed that the bacteria + vermicompost applications increased the N, P, K, Cu, Zn and Mn decreased Ca and had no significant effect on Mg and Fe contents of the plants. This application had the same effect on the experimental soil in terms of the mentioned elements. The effects of only bacteria and only vermicompost applications on some micro and macro nutrient elements of the plant and soil varied. The results suggested that the use of organic fertilizer and bacterial fertilizers on soils that are mostly poor in terms of organics is important and should be extended. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF RHODOBACTER CAPSULATUS AND VERMICOMPOST APPLICATIONS ON AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF THE MALABAR SPINACH (BASELLA ALBA L.)(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Eryılmaz Açıkgöz, Funda; Adiloğlu, Sevinç; Bellitürk, Korkmaz; Gürgan, Muazzez; Solmaz, Yusuf; Adiloğlu, AydınThis study was carried out to investigate the effects of bacteria and vermicompost applications on some agro-morphological traits of the Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.). The standard variety of Basella alba L. was used as plant material, Rhodobacter capsulatus DSM1710 as the bacteria and certain amounts of worm compost was used as fertilizer. The study was designed according to randomized block design with three replicates. The applications were a control, only Rhodobacter (B: 10mL/pod), only solid vermicompost (V: 8%) and three different amounts vermicompost together with a constant bacterial amount (V1B: 4%, V2B: 8%, V3B: 12%) and they were applied to the root area of the plants. Harvesting was done after 40-45 days. The chlorophyll and protein contents of fresh plant rinsed with distilled water were determined after harvest. Among the agro-morphological traits of the Malabar spinach, plant length, leaf length, side branching, plant wet and dry weights increased by all the applications (B, V, V1B, V2B and V3B) compared to the control. There was no significant increase in the leaf number; however, bacteria and vermicompost applications increased the side branching of the plant. The protein amount is not different among the applications but significantly higher than the control. The brightness value L is higher than control in all the applications, the highest L was observed by VB3. The (a) value indicating the green shade decreased by all the applications except for the B application. The (b) value had positive values by all applications showing that the yellow shade is dominant in this plant. The addition of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria and the vermicompost revealed to increase the quality parameters of the Malabar spinach significantly, especially the organic compound. This product contributed as energy source for bacteria activity.Öğe The microbiological evaluation of agricultural lands(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2023) Gürgan, Muazzez; Yeşilyurt, SevinçThe biological activity of soils is one of the most important parameters in sustainable agriculture and is crucial for the transformation of plant nutrients into extractable forms. Bacteria are the most important group of microorganisms that contribute to the vitality of agricultural soils. Bacteria, the largest group of microorganisms at neutral pH, increase the solubility and extractability of plant nutrients. They also help to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and create an environment suitable for biological production. However, due to some agricultural systems, the biological properties of the soil decrease over time. Bio-fertilizers step into the field to eliminate this problem. Biofertilizers are environmentally friendly organic agricultural inputs. Enrichment of agricultural soils with nitrogen results in enrichment of soils with phosphorus due to increased solubility of phosphate compounds and also stimulates the secretion of some chemicals that promote plant development. Biofertilizers also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and protect against pathogenic fungi. Rhizobium, Azosipirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas are among the most important groups of organisms. Nevertheless, bioremediation becomes prominent in the natural alleviation of micro-nutrient toxicity and especially heavy metal pollution resulting from industry, traffic, fertilizers, pesticides, municipal wastes, etc. This chapter focuses on the relationship of biological characteristics of agricultural lands with the environment and solutions. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
