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Antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.cv.) peel
(2011) Orak, Hakime Hülya; Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Gümüş, Tuncay
Punica granatum L, cv. Hicaznar and three different genotypes, which are named genotype 19-121, 17-67and 19-66 which have been obtained at Bati{dotless} Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) in Antalya, have been studied for determination of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The antibacterial activity of peel extracts was tested against three bacteria strains, which were named Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 13076). The antifungal activity was tested against two fungal strains, which were named Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 465. All extracts possessed remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against all tested bacterial and fungal strains. Among the extracts genotype 19-66 peel extracts had lowest antimicrobial activity, although its peel had highest total phenolic content. Also its acidity was determined to be remarkably lowest as compared other Punica granatum L peels. This result may explain that antibacterial effect of phenolic compounds could be increasing with presence of organic acids.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of White, Green and Black Tea Extracts
(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2013) Orak, Hakime Hülya; Yağar, Hülya; İşbilir, Şebnem Selen; Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Gümüş, Tuncay
In the present study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three tea (Camellia sinensis) types (white tea WT, green tea - GT, and black tea - BT) were compared and the relationships between total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents were determined. Regardless of the assays used, the highest total phenolic content (313.3 +/- 1.41 mu g GAE/mg extract), total flavonoid (16.98 +/- 0.27 mu g QE/mg extract) and total tannin content (266.79 +/- 2.59 mu g TAE/mg extract) were determined in green tea extract, which also demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity. Black tea extract showed the lowest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The EC50 value of DPPH scavenging activity was in the order of: ascorbic acid >GT>BHA>WT>BT>BHT. While the tea extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, no inhibitory effects were observed against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. All extracts exhibited antifungal activity against two aflatoxigenic moulds Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 465. The antibacterial activity of tea extracts decreased in the following order: GT>WT>BT DPPH scavenging activity strongly correlated with total phenolic content, reducing power, antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, A. parasiticus NRRL 465 (P<0.05). These data suggest that green tea extract is more effective than white and black tea extracts as a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Application of gamma irradiation for inactivation of three pathogenic bacteria inoculated into meatballs
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2008) Gümüş, Tuncay; Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Velioğlu, Hasan Murat; Velioglu, Serap Duraklı; Yılmaz, İsmail; Sağdıç, Osman
In this research, the effect of gamma irradiation on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 33150), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 2392) and Salmonella typhimurium (NRRL 4463) inoculated into Tekirdag meatballs was investigated. The meatball samples were inoculated with pathogens and irradiated at the absorbed doses 1, 2.2, 3.2, 4.5 and 5.2 kGy. E. coli O157:H7 count 1 kGy irradiated meatballs stored in the refrigerator for 7 days was detected to be 4 log cfu/g lower than the count in nonirradiated samples (p<0.05). S. aureus counts were decreased to 4 log cfu/g after being exposed to irradiation at a dose of I kGy. Although it was ineffective on elimination of S. typhimurium, irradiation at a dose of 3.2 kGy reduced E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus counts under detectable values in the meatballs. However none of the test organisms were detected in the samples after irradiation with 4.5 kGy doses. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Bread wastage and recycling of waste bread by producing biotechnological products
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Palabıyık, İbrahim; Gümüş, Tuncay
[No Abstract Available]
Characteristics of grape seed and oil from nine Turkish cultivars
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) Özcan, Mehmet Musa; Ünver, Ahmet; Gümüş, Tuncay; Akın, Aydın
Percentages of crude oil, protein, fibre and ash of grape seeds obtained from Turkish cultivars were of the ranges 5.40-10.79, 5.24-7.54, 17.6-27.1, and 1.2-2.6, respectively. The highest crude oil, crude protein and crude fibre were determined in Siyah pekmezlik, Karadimrit and Antep grape seeds. The energy values of seeds were established to be between 102.28 and 148.07 kcal g(-1). Potassium and calcium contents of seed samples were found to be at high levels compared to sodium. The seeds contained 686-967 ppm of Na, 2468-3618 ppm of K and 2373-4127 ppm of Ca. The refractive index, relative density, acidity, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and iodine value of seed oils were determined to be in the ranges 1.474-1.477 n(D)(20), 0.909-0.934 25/25 degrees C, 0.74-1.24%, 181-197, 0.91-1.66%, and 126-135, respectively. The main fatty acids were of the ranges 60.7-68.5% linoleic, 16.1-23.4% oleic and 8.0-10.2% palmitic. The highest percentages of linoleic acid (68.5%) was determined in Siyah pekmezlik seed oil.
Characterization of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin films made with winery solid by-product (vinasse) extract
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Kaynarca, G.B.; Kamer, Deniz Damla Altan; Gümüş, Tuncay; Sağdıç, Osman
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of grape pomace extract (GP) on the technological, functional and structural properties of Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/fish gelatin (FG) blend films. The addition of different ratios of GP (0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 % and 2 %) to PVA/FG edible films improved their rheological properties. The complex viscosity value increased exponentially when 2 % GP was added to the composite films compared to samples without any added GP. FTIR results showed that PVA and FG were able to interact with GP. The surface morphology indicated that addition of GP enhanced the intermolecular polymer interactions of the PVA-FG-GP combination. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the films with GP had homogenous and smoother surfaces. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that the FG and PVA chains interacted with GP, causing structural repositioning. Further confirmation of the effective interaction between PVA, FG and GP came from the decrease in crystallinity as the concentration of GP was increased. The melting temperature (Tm) was enhanced with the addition of GP. The combination of GP with PVA/FG films improved the plasticizer and surfactant properties thereby enhancing the flexibility of the films. The water solubility parameter was improved with the addition of GP without compromising the barrier properties. The antioxidant activity of the films increased significantly with the addition of GP. A GP-enriched PVA/FG film can be used as an edible film for food packaging purposes. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Damacana Suların Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesi Üzerine Pompa Temizliğinin Etkisi
(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, 2007) Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Gümüş, Tuncay; Demirci, Mehmet
Bu araştırmada, Tekirdağ ilinde tüketime sunulan 20 adet (5 marka ve her markadan 4 farklı örnek) damacana içme suyundan; tüketiciye ulaştığı anda, su pompası takıldıktan sonra ve suyun bitimine yakın 3 farklı zamanda numune alınmış ve mikrobiyolojik kalitesindeki değişiklikler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri sayısı başlangıçta ortalama 8,36x101 kob/ml olarak tespit edilirken, damacanaya takılan pompa ile bu sayının ortalama 3,43x103 kob/ml seviyelerine çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Koliform bakteriye başlangıçta hiçbir örnekte rastlanmazken, pompa takılması ile örneklerin % 60’ında 15-46 EMS/ml arasında koliform bakteri tespit edilmiştir. Tüketime sunulan damacana suların mikrobiyolojik olarak temiz olduğu, fakat tüketim süresi, pompa hijyeni ve kullanım koşullarına bağlı olarak mikrobiyolojik kontaminasyonun arttığı belirlenmiştir.
Determination of fatty acid composition of gamma-irradiated hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, and pistachios
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2011) Geçgel, Ümit; Gümüş, Tuncay; Taşan, Murat; Dağlıoğlu, Orhan; Arıcı, Muhammet
Hazelnut, walnut, almonds, and pistachio nuts were treated with 1, 3, 5, and 7 kGy of gamma irradiation, respectively. Oil content, free fatty acid, peroxide value, and fatty acid composition of the nuts were investigated immediately after irradiation. The data obtained from the experiments indicated that gamma irradiation did not cause any significant change in the oil content of nuts. In contrast, free fatty acid and peroxide value of the nuts increased proportionally to the dose (p < 0.05). Among the fatty acids determined, the concentration of total saturated fatty acids increased while total monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased with the irradiation dose (p < 0.05 and <0.01). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Determination of the changes of antifungal properties of Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata exposed to gamma irradiation
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2010) Gümüş, Tuncay
In this research, changes in the antifungal activity of the extract of Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata exposed to gamma irradiation against two aflatoxigenic moulds Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and 465 were investigated. The samples of dry plant leaf powder were irradiated with doses of 1.2, 3.0, 5.1 kGy. While the antifungal activity of S. hortensis with 0 and 1.2 kGy dose irradiation against A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 was found to be similar, it decreased with 3.0 and 5.1 kGy irradiation doses (P<0.05). On the contrary, antifungal activity of T spicata increased until 3.0 kGy and then it decreased with 5.1 kGy irradiation dose (P<0.05). For T vulgaris, an increase of irradiation dose resulted in a decrease of antifungal activity against aflatoxigenic moulds. This research shows that antifungal properties of some spices can be changed by gamma irradiation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of gelatin/PVA based colorimetric films with a wide pH sensing range winery solid by-product (Vinasse) for monitor shrimp freshness
(Elsevier, 2022) Kamer, Deniz Damla Altan; Kaynarca, Gülce Bediş; Yücel, Emel; Gümüş, Tuncay
Anthocyanins were extracted from a winery solid by-product (Vinasse) and added to fish gelatin (FG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrices to create freshness monitoring labels. Three different colorimetric indicator smart films [PWE = polyvinyl alcohol with wine extract (WE), FWE = fish gelatin with WE, and PFWE = polyvinyl alcohol and FG blended film with WE] were generated and examined for their suitability to monitor the freshness of shrimp. The mechanical and optical properties, ammonia sensitivity, and colorimetric analysis of smart films were determined. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the interaction of anthocyanins with FG and PVA and changes in the film's chemical composition with storage. The film surfaces were characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The incorporation of WE enhanced the films' flexibility by providing plasticizer and surfactant properties. The PWE film showed the best color stability. The FWE film showed the least amount of total color change with exposure to ammonia gas and was deemed suitable for refrigerated food packaging. The color of all indicator films showed significant changes suggesting that PWE, FWE, and PFWE films can be utilized in the intelligent packaging application for protein-rich foods to detect spoilage.
Effect of Addition of Different Gums on The Technological and Rheological Properties of Fish Gelatin
(2023) Yılmaz, Oylum Şimal; Gümüş, Tuncay; Kamer, Deniz Damla Altan; Kaynarca, Gülce Bedis
Technological and rheological properties of fish gelatin (FG) with the addition of different gums (xanthan gum, gellan gum, agar-agar, locust bean gum, carrageenan, guar gum, gum arabic) were determined. Increase in the storage modulus (G?) and loss modulus (G?) was observed with the addition of gums to FG. The elastic structure of FG became stronger and showed a significantly higher gel property (G?>G?). The addition of gum arabic was seen to adversely affect the structure of FG, causing a decrease in gel strength and a more viscous structure. The highest gel strength was achieved with the addition of gellan gum (7.50%). The melting temperatures, gel strength, and consistency index of FG were increased with the addition of all gums, except gum arabic. Addition of 5.00% xanthan gum to FG resulted in an increase in the melting temperature to 15.93?C, which was the highest melting temperature obtained with FG. Similarly, an increase in the melting point was detected with the addition of gellan gum, agar-agar, carrageenan, and carob gum compared to the control. Different hydrocolloids enhanced Kgel, G,G, consistency index, gel strength, and melting temperature of FG. Bloom values for Bovine Gelatin (BG) and FG were 247.16 and 31.29 g, respectively. The bloom value increased to 409.363 with the addition of gellan gum and changed between 8.11-131.08 with the other gums. The water holding capacity (WHC) was found to be 784.36% in BG and 35.14% in FG. The highest WHC among all the mixtures was determined as 232.5% with the addition of 5.00% xanthan gum. The best overall results were obtained with the addition of gellan gum. Gellan gum added to FG could potentially make it suitable for usage in the food industry.
Effect of confectionery solutes on the rheological properties of fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gelatin
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Kamer, Deniz Damla Altan; Palabıyık, İbrahim; Işık, Nuray Olcay; Akyuz, Fazli; Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Gümüş, Tuncay
In this study, gelatin was extracted from the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gelation performance was studied with confectionery solutes at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 g/100 mL) as an alternative to mammalian gelatin. Rheological measurements were used to characterise the gelling and melting temperature and the gel modulus. Sorbitol and sucrose addition positively affected the gelation, texture, thermal and rheological properties due to changes of structural properties of the gelatin investigated by FTIR analysis. Addition of sugar or polyol enhanced the formation of triple helix structure and more junction zones were formed between proteins. Notably, gel strength increased from 828 Pa to 2317 Pa and 1996 Pa with the addition of 10 g/100 mL sorbitol and sucrose, respectively. Sorbitol had more significant effects than sucrose, probably due to its higher conformational degrees of freedom. Melting temperature increased from 17.5 degrees C to 22 degrees C and 22.1 degrees C by sorbitol and sucrose addition, respectively. These data suggested that the addition of sorbitol and sucrose triggered the formation of more junction zones which caused to increase in hardness and chewiness values. The enhanced properties of fish gel solutions with confectionery solutes showed the potential for use of this fish gelatin in gummy like candies.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Satureja Hortensis, Thymus Vulgaris, and Thymbra Spicata from Turkey
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Gümüş, Tuncay; Albayrak, Sevil; Sağdıç, Osman; Arıcı, Muhammet
In this study, the effect of gamma irradiation on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris, and Thymbra spicata was evaluated. Plants irradiated in a 60Co irradiator to 0, 1.2, 3.0, and 5.1 kGy at 25 degrees C. Control and irradiated samples were extracted with methanol. The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts was determined using phosphomolybdenum assay and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The total phenolic content in three spices was found to decrease with irradiation except at 5.1 kGy for S. hortensis. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts decreased after irradiation.
Effect of Gamma-Irradiation on Some Chemical Characteristics and Volatile Content of Linseed
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2011) Yalçın, Hasan; Öztürk, İsmet; Hayta, Mehmet; Sağdıç, Osman; Gümüş, Tuncay
The effect of irradiation (2.5, 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 kGy) on chemical properties and volatile contents of linseed was investigated. Consistent decreases were observed in both protein and oil content of the irradiated linseed samples with increasing irradiation doses. The ash content of the irradiated linseed samples increased significantly (P<.05) with increasing irradiation doses except for 5.5 kGy. Irradiation treatment caused irregular changes in palmitic and stearic acid content. Although styrene and p-xylene content decreased as a result of irradiation, 1-hexanol content only decreased at 7.0 kGy. Benzaldehyde, p-cymene, and nonanol were not determined at irradiation doses above 4.0 kGy
Effects of gamma irradiation on chemical, microbial quality and shelf life of shrimp
(2012) Hocaoğlu, A.; Sükrü Demirci, A.; Gümüş, Tuncay; Demirci, M.
In the present study the combined effect of gamma irradiation (1, 3 and 5. kGy) and storage at two temperatures: refrigeration (+4. °C) and frozen (-18. °C), on the shelf-life extension of fresh shrimp meat was investigated. The study was based on microbiological and physicochemical changes occuring in the shrimp samples. Total volatile base nitrogen values and trimethylamine values for irradiated shrimp samples were significantly lower than non-irradiated samples at both storage temperatures, and the rate of decrease was more pronounced in samples irradiated at the higher dose (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid values for irradiated shrimp samples were significantly higher than non-irradiated samples at both storage temperatures (p<0.05). pH values of shrimp samples were affected significantly by both irradiating dose and storage temperatures (p<0.05). Microbial counts for non-irradiated shrimp samples were higher than the respective irradiated samples at both storage temperatures (p<0.05). The results revealed that irradiation at high dose (5. kGy) might enhance lipid oxidation, although the growth of microorganisms and protein oxidation was inhibited. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Effects of gamma irradiation on two heat resistant moulds: Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces variotii isolated from margarine
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2008) Gümüş, Tuncay; Geçgel, Ümit; Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Arıcı, Muhammet
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on two heat-resistant moulds, namely Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces variotii isolated from margarine samples. The irradiation process of these moulds was carried out in a Co-60 gamma (gamma) irradiator at average absorbed doses of 1, 3, 5 and 7 kGy for exposure times of 52, 156, 260 and 364 min, respectively. The average D-10 value for A. fitmigatus was 1.08 +/- 0.08kGy while it was 0.59 +/- 0.10kGy for P. variotii. Consequently, the sensitivity of P. variotii against gamma irradiation was more than A. fumigatus. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Eritme Peynirinde Bazı Patojen Bakteriler Üzerine Farklı Baharatların İnhibisyon Etkisi
(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, 2015) Gümüş, Tuncay; Bursa, İ. Alper
Bu çalışmada, bazı baharatların eritme peyniri içerisinde seçilmiş bazı patojen bakteriler üzerine inhibisyon etkisi araştırılmıştır. Eritme peyniri içerisine ağırlıkça % 1' lik ve %3' lük kekik, nane, anason, dereotu ve sarımsak tozu baharatları ilave edilirken, bakteri kültürü olarak liyofilize Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) ve Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) enjektör ile 1 ml (106 - 107 kob/ml) inoküle edilmiş ve kontaminasyonu engellemek amacıyla açılan delik parafin ile kapatılmıştır. Numuneler + 4 °C depo koşullarında 90 gün boyunca muhafaza edilmiş ve değişik periyodlarda mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılarak numune içerisindeki mikrobiyolojik değişim tespit edilmiştir. 90 günlük periyod sonucunda yapılan analizlere göre, S.aureus bakterisi üzerine en etkili baharat çeşitlerinin nane(%3) ve dereotu olduğu, E.coli bakterisi üzerinde ise kullanılan bütün baharat çeşitlerinin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kekik ve nane (%3 oranında) bitkilerinin, eritme peyniri içerisindeki bakteriyi üç ay sonunda 106 kob/g dan <3 seviyesine kadar indirgediği ve en iyi sonucu verdiği tespit edilmiştir.
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Strawberry Tree (Arbutus Unedo L.) Leaf
(Korean Society Food Science & Technology-Kosfost, 2011) Orak, Hakime Hülya; Yağar, Hülya; İşbilir, Şebnem Selen; Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü; Gümüş, Tuncay; Ekinci, Neslihan
In present study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) leaves were investigated. Antioxidant activity was determined by methods of DPPH scavenging, beta-carotene bleaching, reducing power, metal chelating, superoxide anion scavenging, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Total phenolic content were determined to be 197.16 +/- 1.43 mg GAE/g extract in aqueous extract. The EC50 value of methanolic extracts was found to be 0.423 mg/mL. The extracts of leaves showed nearly 1/4 metal chelating capacity of standard EDTA, high reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. While the strawberry tree leaves exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, there was no inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. The strawberry tree leaves exhibited antifungal effect against 2 aflatoxigenic molds namely Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 465. These results suggest that the strawberry tree leaves may be used as an antioxidant source for pharmaceutical application, nutraceutical and functional food industries.
Farklı Hammaddelerden Üretilen Sirkelerin Bazı Fizikokimyasal ve Fonksiyonel Özellikleri
(Univ Namik Kemal, 2021) Bozdemir, Merve; Kamer, Deniz Damla Altan; Akgül, Gönül; Gümüş, Tuncay
In order to examine the effect of raw material, which directly affects the composition and quality of vinegar in the production, some physicochemical properties and bioactive components of vinegars produced from different raw materials (Honey, Grape, Pomegranate, Apple and Hawthorn ), which are sold in the market, were examined and their compliance with TS 1880 EN 13188 standard was investigated. Total dry matter, ash, pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, non- volatile acidity, total sugar, SO2, density, alcohol, total antioxidant activity and total phenolic components of the samples from vinegars produced from different raw materials were determined. Total dry matter, ash and pH of the samples were between 0.65-6.48 %, 0.098-1.937 % and 2.68-3.31, respectively. Total acidity was determined in the range of 0.870-6.185% (acetic acid), volatile acidity 0.869-6.069%, non-volatile acidity 0.0006-0.1221%, total amount of sugar 0.288-288.2 g L-1, SO2 amount 12.8-70.4 mg L-1, density 1.0089-1.0617 g cm(3-1) and alcohol were determined between 0.1-0.6%. The lowest total phenolic content was determined as 73.52 mg GAE L-1 in the honey vinegar while it was the highest in the pomegranate vinegar as 1885.71 mg GAE Antioxidant capacity values, another bioactive component in vinegar, were analyzed by DPPH method and EC50 values were determined to be in the range of 5.83-538.7 mu l mL(-1). The highest antioxidant capacity was found as 5.83 mu l mL(-1) in pomegranate vinegar (N3), while the lowest antioxidant capacity was determined as 538.7 mu l mL(-1) (B4) in honey vinegar. As a consequence of the results obtained, it was observed that the composition of the vinegar varied widely depending on the raw material from which the vinegar was produced and the quality of the vinegar increases according to the density of the bioactive components coming from the raw material. In particular, bioactive components positively influence the effects of vinegar on health. However, although vinegars had different advantages in terms of bioactive components, it was found that some components of vinegars did not comply with the standards set by law. Since it does not show much deterioration due to its acetic acid content, vinegar is not emphasized much in terms of imitation and adulteration. Adding acetic acid from outside or diluting acetic acid are among the most common tricks in vinegars. Therefore, determination of vinegar composition and control of compliance with the relevant legislation is very important in order to distinguish natural and artificial vinegar.
Fate of aflatoxins during bread making
(Assoc Food Scient Techn India, 2009) Gümüş, Tuncay; Arıcı, Muhammet; Dağlıoğlu, Orhan; Velioğlu, Murat
Fate of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) during dough fermentation and baking stages of wheat bread making process was studied. Bread dough samples were spiked with aflatoxins under controlled laboratory conditions at low (similar to 3.0 mu g/kg dry matter) and high (similar to 9.0 mu g/kg dry matter) levels for each of the toxins. Fermentation significantly (p<0.05) reduced concentration of toxins and reduction percentage in dry matter at low and high concentrations ranged from 28.0% (AFG1) to 33.6% (AFB2) and 30.6% (AFB2) to 33.7% (AFG2). Aflatoxin contents decreased significantly (p<0.05) by baking process and when the fermented dough was baked at 220 degrees C for 35 min, the maximum reduction was 57.4% (AFG1) at low toxin level and 55.7% (AFB2) at high toxin level. Total losses of aflatoxins during bread making process were 69.3% (AFG1)-70.4%(AFB2) at low level and 67.1% (AFB1)-69.8% (AFG1) at high level. These results indicate that fermentation and baking are effective in reducing aflatoxin levels. However, approximately half of the spiked toxins still remained in the bread and therefore complete decomposition of aflatoxins seems improbable during bread making process.

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