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Öğe An optimized PCR protocol with newly designed primers for reliable molecular selection of high oleic type sunflower(2018) Bilgen, Behiye BanuHigh oleic sunflower is one of the most significant oilseed crops due to the stability of its oilin processing and desirable characteristics for health. Determination of high oleic sunflowerby standard methods such as gas chromatography is time consuming and expensive. On theother hand, marker-assisted selection analysis with molecular markers associated with higholeic acid trait is a useful and powerful tool in order to facilitate sunflower breeding programs.In this study, we compared three molecular markers which have been used for selection of thehigh oleic sunflower varieties. We also describe an optimized PCR protocol with newlydesigned two primer pairs targeting normal sequence of FAD2 gene as internal control anddirect analysis of the inserted DNA sequences which is known to be closely linked to thePervenets mutation. According to results of our study, showing the insertion site which islinked to the Pervenets mutation by the insertion specific PCR protocols is more reliable thanthe SSR marker for selection of the high oleic sunflower varieties. Because we have not beenable to get successful results with the available PCR protocols described for the insertion site,we report here a novel multiplex PCR protocol with newly designed primers enabling reliablediscrimination of the high oleic and low oleic sunflower genotypes in a single PCR tube,which offers some advantages to the breeders by means of saving money and time.Öğe Analysis of genetic diversity among Onobrychis accessions with high agronomic performance by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers(Springer, 2022) Sütçü, Tuğba Bilgen, Behiye Banu Tuna, Metin; Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Tuna, MetinBackground Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. is a short-lived perennial cool-season legume used for forage production. It is a common native species in Asia Minor, especially in Turkey, the districts of the Caucasus, and the Caspian fringes. It can grow well in a broad range of climatic and soil types found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It is a non-bloating crop, making it suitable for use in both hay and pasture. Methods and results The aim was to assess the diversity of the 83 sainfoin genotypes selected based on their high agronomic performance from a germplasm collection evaluated in the experimental field of Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Turkey. Ten nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) primers (OVK036, OVK046, OVK094, OVK101, OVK125, OVK161, OVK174, OVM033, OVM061, and OVM125) were used in the study. All nSSR loci were found to be polymorphic and totally 92 alleles were detected. The mean observed number of alleles per locus was calculated as 9.2. Among the genetic diversity parameters, Shannon Index (I = 0.375), unbiased genetic diversity value (uh = 0.243), and mean polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.240) were calculated. The genetic distance value varied between 0.43 and 0.95. Based on the dendrogram built by the UPGMA clustering method using genetic distance values, it was observed that the studied sainfoin genotypes were divided into two main clusters, whereas the STRUCTURE analysis results had high support for three clusters. Conclusions The results obtained from this study provide important information on the genetic structures of the studied sainfoin genotypes and their genetic relationship. Therefore acquired genetic data will be useful in designing more efficient polycross nurseries, allowing open pollination of best performing and genetically diverse genotypes in the isolated conditions, which will increase genetic gain in sainfoin breeding programs.Öğe Assessment of the Genetic Structure and Diversity of Orobanche cumana populations from Turkey Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers(2022) Arı, Tuğba; Demirbaş, Sefer; Bilgen, Behiye BanuOrobanche cumana Wallr. known as sunflower broomrape is a holoparasitic plant that causes huge yield losses in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) fields. Genetic characterization, genetic diversity, and race determination studies in O. cumana are very significant for preventing threats in sunflower fields. In this study, the broomrape populations sampled from Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, and Adana provinces were used for genetic characterization. The sensitive Özdemirbey sunflower variety was used for growing O. cumana individuals. Eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci (Ocum52, Ocum70, Ocum81, Ocum87, Ocum108, Ocum141, Ocum160, and Ocum196) were used for the evaluation of genetic characterization and diversity of broomrape populations. All studied SSR loci were found to be polymorphic and yielded a total of 22 alleles in 143 samples analyzed. Na = 2.089 (mean number of alleles per locus), Ne = 1.390 (mean effective alleles), I = 0.392 (mean Shannon’s information index), Ho = 0.156 (mean observed heterozygosity), He = 0.239 (mean expected heterozygosity), and PIC = 0.228 (mean polymorphic information content) were calculated to assess genetic diversity of O. cumana populations.. As a result of molecular variance analysis, it was concluded that found that the genetic diversity of the populations was 38% among the population. The remaining 23% and 39% were due to among individuals and within individuals, respectively. The UPGMA method and STRUCTURE analysis divided the studied populations into 2 groups. Cluster I included LK2013, HT2016, T2018, and LE2013 populations, while group 2 included AE2003, AD2018, and MT2013 populations. The results we obtained have enabled us to reach important genetic diversity information about O. cumana, and the information obtained will provide important contributions for planned studies in the future.Öğe Bazı Korunga (Onobrychis viciifolia) Çeşit ve Popülasyonlarının Mikrosatellit Belirteçleri Kullanılarak Genetik Karakterizasyonu(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2019) Özkan, Selman; Bilgen, Behiye BanuÜlkemizin özellikle İç ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinde yaygın bir şekilde yetiştiriciliği yapılan korunga (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hayvan beslenmesinde, toprak yapısını iyileştirmede ve arılar için nektar kaynağı olarak önemli bir baklagildir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizin tescilli çeşitleri Özerbey ve Lütfübey’de, Kırşehir bölgesinden elde edilmiş iki yerel populasyonda (Kırşehir-1, Kırşehir-2) ve Bulgaristan’a ait Pleven populasyonunda 10 SSR lokusu kullanılarak çeşit ve populasyonların genetik yapısı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan 10 SSR lokusunun tamamı polimorfik olarak saptanmıştır. Analiz edilen 91 örnekte toplam 68 allel tespit edilmiştir. Genetik çeşitlilik parametrelerinden, lokus başına düşen ortalama allel sayısı (Na=1.365), etkili allel sayısı (Ne=1.348), Shannon Sabiti (I=0.322), Nei’nin genetik çeşitlilik değeri (h=0.210) ve Nei’nin tarafsız çeşitlilik değeri (uh=0.222) hesaplanmıştır. Populasyonların genetik çeşitliliğinin büyük oranda (%92) populasyon içerisinde olduğu, populasyonlar arası çeşitliliğin ise çok düşük olduğu (%8) gözlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen UPGMA dendrogramına göre birbirine yakın bulunan Özerbey ve Lütfübey bir grup, Pleven ve Kırşehir-2 ayrı bir grup olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar türün genetik yapısı hakkında önemli bilgiler vermiştir.Öğe Brown rust resistance screening and molecular characterization of wheat cultivars by molecular markers(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Yuruk, Busra; Nasirian, HazalTriticum aestivum L. is one of the major strategic crops for many reasons such as being the basic material for the majority of nutrients, being a source of energy, a source of protein, and also other organic and inorganic compounds for both humans and animals. The genetic characterization is useful for designing plant breeding programs for many plants, including wheat. The selection of genotypes resistant to stress (biotic and abiotic) conditions is another important point for the design of plant breeding programs. Wheat brown (leaf) rust is one of the major significant biotic stress factors. In this study, marker analysis for brown rust resistance for Lr13, Lr14a, Lr19, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr34, Lr37, and Lr47 genes was performed, and the genetic characterization of 96 wheat genotypes was determined by 8 SSR and 4 ISSR loci. Eighteen alleles were determined for SSR loci (polymorphism ratio of 37.5%) and a total of 33 polymorphic bands (polymorphism ratio of 82.5%) were determined for ISSR loci. The mean Shannon Index was estimated as I (SSR) = 0.298 and I (ISSR) = 0.346. The mean gene diversity for SSR and ISSR was estimated as 0.407 and 0.246, respectively. The genetic similarity value based unweighted pair group method with arithmetic was used to form the dendrogram and it was remarked wheat varieties were grouped into two main clusters. The STRUCTURE analysis also separated the studied wheat genotypes into two groups. The results reveal the genetic structure, the genetic diversity, and the presence of resistance alleles of used wheat varieties, and the selection of genetically diverse and leaf rust-resistant genotypes can serve as valuable parents for future wheat breeding or improving breeding programs.Öğe Brown rust resistance screening and molecular characterization of wheat cultivars by molecular markers(2023) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Yürük, Büşra; Nasirian, HazalTriticum aestivum L. is one of the major strategic crops for many reasons such as being the basic material for the majority of nutrients, being a source of energy, a source of protein, and also other organic and inorganic compounds for both humans and animals. The genetic characterization is useful for designing plant breeding programs for many plants, including wheat. The selection of genotypes resistant to stress (biotic and abiotic) conditions is another important point for the design of plant breeding programs. Wheat brown (leaf) rust is one of the major significant biotic stress factors. In this study, marker analysis for brown rust resistance for Lr13, Lr14a, Lr19, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr34, Lr37, and Lr47 genes was performed, and the genetic characterization of 96 wheat genotypes was determined by 8 SSR and 4 ISSR loci. Eighteen alleles were determined for SSR loci (polymorphism ratio of 37.5%) and a total of 33 polymorphic bands (polymorphism ratio of 82.5%) were determined for ISSR loci. The mean Shannon Index was estimated as I (SSR) = 0.298 and I (ISSR) = 0.346. The mean gene diversity for SSR and ISSR was estimated as 0.407 and 0.246, respectively. The genetic similarity value based unweighted pair group method with arithmetic was used to form the dendrogram and it was remarked wheat varieties were grouped into two main clusters. The STRUCTURE analysis also separated the studied wheat genotypes into two groups. The results reveal the genetic structure, the genetic diversity, and the presence of resistance alleles of used wheat varieties, and the selection of genetically diverse and leaf rust-resistant genotypes can serve as valuable parents for future wheat breeding or improving breeding programs.Öğe Chloroplast DNA variation and pollen contamination in a Pinus brutia Ten. clonal seed orchard: implication for progeny performance in plantations(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2014) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NurayPollen contamination is one of the important factors affecting the yield, adaptability, and genetic quality of the seed produced from seed orchards in forest tree breeding programs. Incoming pollen from the forests surrounding the seed orchard is a major concern in tree breeding because it contributes to losses in the expected genetic gains from seed orchard crops. The genetic variation and the level of pollen contamination in a 16-year-old Pinus brutia Ten. first-generation clonal seed orchard was studied using chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs). In total, 23 alleles and 36 unique allelic combinations (haplotypes) were detected based on the 6 cpSSR loci analyzed. The haplotypic diversity of the clones in the seed orchard was found to be 0.849. Out of 300 embryos analyzed, 87 were not compatible with any male parent within the seed orchard. Thus, 29% of the embryos were sired by pollen sources outside the orchard (i.e. apparent contamination). Microsatellite-based analysis revealed that the estimated contamination rate was 39.3%. Background pollination at this level will cause losses of 20% in the expected genetic gains. Our findings are valuable for the assessment of the intended seed orchard function, i.e. provision of genetically improved seed. It may be worthwhile to use pollen management strategies like strobilus stimulation, controlled pollination, and supplemental mass pollination to decrease pollen contamination and increase the genetic quality of the seeds produced.Öğe Comparison of bread wheat genotypes for leaf rust resistance genes(Ankara University, 2020) Başer, İsmet; Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Balkan, A.; Korkut, Kayıhan Zahit; Bilgin, Oğuz; Gülfidan, E.Leaf rust caused by Pucinia recondita tritici is one of the most important diseases of bread wheat worldwide. It is considered that the most environmentally sound; low cost method of controlling leaf rust is to breed and grow genetically resistant wheat varieties. In the research, twenty-four bread wheat varieties grown intensively were used as genetic material in Trakya Region where the North-West Part of Turkey. To create artificial leaf rust epidemic in field conditions, two sensitive varieties (Morrocco and Cumhuriyet 75) was sown after each ten genotypes, and the reactions of the varieties to leaf rust were investigated in field conditions. Isogenic lines carrying the genes Lr9, Lr14, Lr19, Lr24 and Lr47 from CIMMYT were used as control genotypes in molecular analysis. In the field conditions, although Pehlivan, Selimiye, Sagittario, Tina, Anapo, Montchill and Saraybosna were the most sensitive genotypes, Nota, Kate A1, Prostor and Sana were the most resistant bread wheat varieties to leaf rust. It was determined that Sana, Pehlivan, Golia, Falmura 85, Saroz 95, Renan, Sirena, Kate A1, Selimiye, Bezostoja 1, Saraybosna, Nina and Tina varieties have Lr9 gene with SSR analysis. It has been observed that all bread wheat varieties carry Lr14, Lr19, Lr24 and Lr47 (except Krasunia, Aldane and Gelibolu varieties) genes. It is revealed that Lr9 and Lr47 genes should be taken into consideration in the studies to be performed in the region and these genes will be useful to examine together with a larger number of leaf rust genes for more successful results in breeding studies. © Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi.Öğe Evaluation of the Genetic Structure of Some Accessions Belonging to Onobrychis spp. Using Microsatellite DNA Markers(2023) Yılmaz, Elbi Cansu; Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Tuna, MetinTurkey is in a very convenient position for animal husbandry in terms of both natural resources and ecological conditions. Forage crops, which has a very important place in agricultural activities, is the insurance of plant and animal production. Sainfoin is a perennial forage legume species that grown in the northern temperate regions of the world from the Mediterranean region and the Caucasus, and to Central Asia. In this study the genetic diversity of 100 genotypes representing 44 accessions from 18 different Onobrychis species (O. arenaria subsp. arenaria, O. inermis, O. petraea, O. cyri, O. iberica, O. altissima, O. vassilczenkoi, O. conferta subsp. argentea, O. alba subsp. laconica, O. biebersteinii, O. grandis, O. kachetica, O. kemulariae, O. oxyodonta, O. megataphros, O. pallasii, Onobrychis spp., and O. viciifolia) were evaluated using 8 simple sequence repeat (microsatellite) markers. Based on the results, OVK036, OVK094, OVK125, OVM033, OVK161, OVK046, OVM061, and OVK174 loci were polymorphic. The observed number of alleles per SSR locus ranged from 6 to 21 alleles (mean of 11.625). Maximum allele frequency ranged from 0.51 to 0.93 with a mean value of 0.73. The PIC value ranged from 0.124 to 0.244. The mean polymorphism information content of loci was 0.188. Genetic diversity coefficients according to the UPGMA ranged from 0.000 to 0.9375. Cluster analysis divided the 100 sainfoin genotypes into two main groups (Cluster-I and Cluster-II). All diploid genotypes (except for 1 diploid genotype) used in the study formed a separate group within Cluster-I. The results revealed that SSR markers used in this study are useful for molecular characterization and assessing genetic diversity of sainfoin accessions. The obtained SSR alleles and genetic variability in a studied certain loci provided significant information about the genetic structure of sainfoin accessions that could be used as parental lines in sainfoin breeding programs.Öğe Evaluation of the Genetic Structure of Some Accessions Belonging to Onobrychis spp. Using Microsatellite DNA Markers br(Univ Namik Kemal, 2023) Yilmaz, Elbi Cansu; Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Tuna, MetinTurkey is in a very convenient position for animal husbandry in terms of both natural resources and ecological conditions. Forage crops, which has a very important place in agricultural activities, is the insurance of plant and animal production. Sainfoin is a perennial forage legume species that grown in the northern temperate regions of the world from the Mediterranean region and the Caucasus, and to Central Asia. In this study the genetic diversity of 100 genotypes representing 44 accessions from 18 different Onobrychis species (O. arenaria subsp. arenaria, O. inermis, O. petraea, O. cyri, O. iberica, O. altissima, O. vassilczenkoi, O. conferta subsp. argentea, O. alba subsp. laconica, O. biebersteinii, O. grandis, O. kachetica, O. kemulariae, O. oxyodonta, O. megataphros, O. pallasii, Onobrychis spp., and O. viciifolia) were evaluated using 8 simple sequence repeat (microsatellite) markers. Based on the results, OVK036, OVK094, OVK125, OVM033, OVK161, OVK046, OVM061, and OVK174 loci were polymorphic. The observed number of alleles per SSR locus ranged from 6 to 21 alleles (mean of 11.625). Maximum allele frequency ranged from 0.51 to 0.93 with a mean value of 0.73. The PIC value ranged from 0.124 to 0.244. The mean polymorphism information content of loci was 0.188. Genetic diversity coefficients according to the UPGMA ranged from 0.000 to 0.9375. Cluster analysis divided the 100 sainfoin genotypes into two main groups (Cluster-I and Cluster-II). All diploid genotypes (except for 1 diploid genotype) used in the study formed a separate group within Cluster-I. The results revealed that SSR markers used in this study are useful for molecular characterization and assessing genetic diversity of sainfoin accessions. The obtained SSR alleles and genetic variability in a studied certain loci provided significant information about the genetic structure of sainfoin accessions that could be used as parental lines in sainfoin breeding programs.Öğe Genetic characterization of Orobanche cumana populations from the thrace region of Turkey using microsatellite markers(Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Barut, A.K.; Demirbaş, SeferOrobanche cumana is a parasitic plant that can lead to advanced losses in yield of agricultural lands cultivating sunflower, depending on the sunflower varieties and the level of contamination. In our study, genetic diversity of six O. cumana populations from the Thrace region of Turkey was determined with the help of eight SSR (microsatellite) loci. All SSR loci were polymorphic. A total of 23 alleles were determined for the analyzed 120 samples. Allele number of each SSR locus ranged from two to six. Mean number of alleles (N a = 2.271), effective allele number (N e = 1.667), Shannon’s information index (I = 0.547), and heterozygosity levels (H o = 0.207 and H e = 0.340) were calculated. A high proportion of the genetic variation (66%) was due to within-population variation and 34% of the diversity was due to among-population variations. Based on the UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis, there were two main clusters. Cluster I was classified into three groups containing four populations from the Kırklareli and Edirne regions. Two populations from Tekirdağ were in cluster II. The information obtained from this study is valuable to provide a significant contribution to studies on the genetic structure, diversity, and race evolution of O. cumana and to the developed crop breeding studies and management strategies for controlling O. cumana infestation. © TÜBİTAK.Öğe Genetic Diversity Among Pinus Sylvestris L. Populations and Its Implications for Genetic Conservation: Comparison of Nuclear and Chloroplast Microsatellite Markers(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NurayScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most widely distributed forest trees belonging to Pinaceae family in the world. The most southern distribution of its populations is located in Turkey. In this study, altitudinal genetic variation in P. sylvestris populations was determined via cpSSR and nSSR markers. Cones were gathered from 149 trees in five populations that represent five different elevational zones from sea level to 2250 meters in Turkey. A total of 32 alleles were determined for analyzed six cpSSR loci. The cpSSR alleles were formed 87 different haplotypes. The percentage of unique haplotypes was 65.52%. The results of AMOVA showed that the genetic diversity within populations was very high (99.8% for cpSSR and 98.3% for nSSR). Even though the studied populations are peripheral (the most southern ones in the distribution area of Scots pine), their genetic variation is still high. The results suggest that high priority should be given to peripheral populations for in situ conservation activities, as long as they have high genetic variation, because of their potential for adaptation to changing environments. The most suitable populations for forestry practices should be selected with strong emphasis on geographic location and elevation gradients.Öğe Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of natural Pancratium maritimum L. populations by DNA markers(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2017) Elibol, Ceren; Bilgen, Behiye BanuBulbous plants play an important role in Turkey's biodiversity due to their great potential use in various industries. Sea daffodils (Pancratium maritimum), one aspect of Turkey's biological richness, represent an important bulbous plant that generally spreads on sand dunes and can be seen only on the Mediterranean coast and on its certain beaches in our country. In this study, the genetic structure and genetic diversity of four natural P. maritimum populations have been determined by RAPD and nrSSR primers. Eight RAPD and four nrSSR loci were analyzed. All RAPD and nrSSR loci, except SSR-20, were found to be polymorphic. Genetic diversity parameters such as mean number of alleles for each nrSSR loci (N-a = 3.313), effective allele number (N-e = 2.190), Shannon's information index (I = 0.728), observed heterozygosity (H-o = 0.449) and expected heterozygosity (H-e = 0.396) were calculated. A rather high proportion of the genetic diversity (81% for nrSSR, 72% for RAPD) was due to within-population variation and the remaining part was due to variation between populations. According to the acquired UPGMA phenogram for RAPD and nrSSR data, the Igneada and Camlikoy populations, which are geographically close, are also genetically the most similar populations. The STRUCTURE analysis results supported the constructed UPGMA phenogram for the studied sea daffodil populations. The results of this study include important information about the genetic structure of the studied populations.Öğe Importance of Effective Clone Number in Seed Orchards: A Comparative Study on Seven Conifer Species in Turkey(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2013) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Alan, Murat; Kurt, YusufThe Mediterranean Basin is one of the major plant diversity centers in the northern hemisphere. The Eastern Mediterranean Basin is also a hotspot region of gene diversity for conifer species. In this study, Turkey's conifer seed orchards were investigated for their effective number of clones. The mean census number of clones (N) was estimated 33.12. The mean effective number of clones (N-c) was calculated as 27.59. The mean relative effective number of clones (N-r = N-c/N) was 0.827. The estimated proportional gene diversity was found 0.973, with a range from 0.922 to 0.983. Thus, considerable attention should be given to use nearly equal ramet numbers during seed orchard establishment and management operations. Threats such as climatic change, fire, disease and insects should be considered during seed orchards establishment. High number of populations from wide range of species should be sampled and seed orchards should be established locally depending on ecological requirements of species. This is also essential for sustainable management of forest genetic resources. Information both from phenotypic selection and molecular genetic analysis should be used to establish future seed orchards.Öğe Investigation of the genetic structure of some common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) commercial varieties and genotypes used as a genitor with SSR and SNP markers(Springer, 2022) Avican, Ömer; Bilgen, Behiye BanuCommon bean is a species belonging to the Phaseolus genus of the Leguminosae family. It has economic importance due to being rich in protein, vitamin A and C, and minerals. Being one of the most cultivated species of legumes, the determination of genetic diversity in bean genotypes or populations has an important role in terms of our genetic resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure of 94 genotypes which were cultivated in different parts of the world and our country with SSR and SNP markers. 10 SSR loci and 73 SNP primers were used for the determination of genetic structure in commercial cultivars and breeding lines. All of the SSR and SNP loci used in the study were found to be polymorphic. A total of 89 alleles were identified for 10 SSR loci. Mean number of alleles per locus (Na = 8.9), effective allele number (Ne = 3.731), Shannon information index (I = 1.468), observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.023), and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.654) were calculated based on SSR analysis. According to the results of Bayesian-based STRUCTURE analysis using SSR and SNP data, 94 bean genotypes were genetically divided into three main clusters. According to genetic distance based UPGMA dendrogram obtained from SNP analysis, 94 bean genotypes were divided into 2 main clusters corresponding Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. The obtained results provide important information about the genetic structures of the studied bean cultivars and breeding lines. With the obtained results, it will be possible to develop breeding programs to develop new cultivars by using our gene resources.Öğe Microsatellite Markers: The Efficient Method for the Determination of Pollen Contamination in Conifer Seed Orchards(2023) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NuraySeed orchards are specialized forest plantations of genetically superior candidate parents selected to produce genetically superior seeds and/or seedlings. Pollen contamination is one of the most important factors affecting the yield, adaptation, and genetic quality of seeds produced from seed orchards in forest tree breeding programs. Potential pollen from forests surrounding the seed orchard is a major concern in tree breeding because it contributes to the loss in genetic gains expected from seed orchard crops. Microsatellite markers are among the most effective markers that are frequently used for creating genetic maps of many species, determining genetic diversity, identifying genetic diseases, population genetic studies, linkage analysis, fingerprint analysis, genotyping, and parental identification. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was performed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the articles published in the last 25 years on seed orchards and pollen contamination. Searching the Web of Science (WOS) with the criteria of “forest trees” and “seed orchards” revealed that 820 articles were published in the last 25 years. It is seen that 77 of these articles are related to pollen contamination. Canada, China, Japan, Sweden, and the USA have been the top contributors to research on pollen contamination in seed orchards of forest trees in the last 25 years, respectively. According to the data obtained, it has been shown that the genetic contamination level of forest tree species in seed orchards is generally between 5% and 90%. It has been determined that microsatellite markers are more widely used in recent years to determine the degree of pollen migration and genetic contamination. It was concluded that studies on pollen contamination were carried out in only two Turkish red pine orchards in Türkiye, which has a total of 189 seed orchards, the majority of which belong to conifers, and that similar studies should be planned in other seed orchards.Öğe Use of Nssr Markers for Determination of Clonal Identity and Genetic Structure in A Pinus Brutia Ten. Clonal Seed Orchard(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NurayDetermination of clonal identity of seed orchard clones is required for the forest tree breeding programs, mating system and pollen contamination studies. Clonal identity and genetic structure in a Pinus brutia Ten. clonal seed orchard were analyzed by 5 nSSR loci (ITPH4516, FRPP94, PEST2669, NZPR544 and EPI3). Needles from 5 ramets per clone (totally 30 clones) were sampled from the seed orchard for microsatellite analysis. Considering the studied ramets of the P. brutia seed orchard clones, all the studied nSSR loci revealed polymorphism. nSSR analysis clearly indicate that the possible multigenotype number of the seed orchard clones (30) was 13 with 7 of these being unique. 39 out of 150 ramets (26%) did not completely match with the genotypes of their supposedly related clones. In 9 out of the 30 clones, all 5 ramets matched each other and in 10 out of the 30 clones, 1 of the 5 ramets did not match the other 4 ramets. This indicates these ramets were mis-lanted or mislabeled during and/or before planting in the orchard. We conclude that genetic identification of orchard ramets seems to be necessary before beginning mating system, pollen contamination studies and forest tree breeding programs.
