Immobilization techniques of nanomaterials

Abstract

In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely utilized for the fabrication of biosensors and sensors due to their prominent features, such as high conductivity, large surface area, and excellent mechanical and optical features. They are defined as one of the most attractive materials to open new methods in the construction of next-generation biosensors and sensors. Different kinds of nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and graphene, have been used in biosensor construction for pharmaceutical analysis. The biosensing platform of a biosensor is important for high-sensitivity detection of target analytes. The modification of the transducer with nanomaterials has attracted attention owing to the excellent features. The sensitivity and the performance of biosensors have improved tremendously because of the incorporation of nanomaterials in biosensor fabrication. Physical and chemical adsorption, self-assembled monolayer formation, and electrochemical deposition of nanomaterials are widely utilized methods for biosensor fabrication. Also, the incorporation of nanomaterials into biosensing systems may increase the speed and the capability of the biosensors. In this chapter, the modification techniques used for biosensor construction are investigated. Furthermore, recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors for pharmaceutical detection are highlighted. The linear ranges, detection limits, and reproducibility of these nanoparticle-based biosensors are compared in detail. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.