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Öğe Colistin Resistance Profiles and Genotypes of Escherichia coil Isolates from Dogs and Cats(Univ Fed Rio Grande Do Sul, 2022) Sezener, Merve Gizem; Fındık, Arzu; Ergüden, Volkan Enes; Gülhan, Timur; Çiftçi, Alper; Boynukara, BanurBackground: Nowadays, antibiotic resistance has become an important problem, posing a serious threat to both human and animal medicine. Colistin is one of the last-resort drugs for the treatment of particularly caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance of Escherichia coli strains against colistin and the presence of colistin resistance genes (mcr1, mcr2 and mcr3) in them. Antibiotyping and genotyping of all strains was also aimed. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 75 isolates of Escherichia coli from healthy animals (38 dogs and 37 cats) were screened for colistin resistance by cultivation in a screening agar and then microbroth dilution method was performed. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were determined by KBDDM. The presences of mcr1, mcr2 and mcr3 genes were investigated by PCR. The colistin resistant strains were genotyped by using RAPD-PCR, and antibiotyped based on resistance profiles. In the screening test, 1 strain in cats and 2 strains in dogs were colistin-resistant. However, 18.6% of strains (from 14 cats and 3 dogs) were found as colistin-resistant in the microdilution test. MDR status was 76.31% and 97.29% in dog and cat strains, respectively. The colistin-resistant strains showed 78-100% and 65-90% similarities with respect to their antibiotypes and genotypes, respectively. mcr1, mcr2 and mcr3 genes were not found in any of the strains. Discussion: There is an increase in infections brought on by Grain negative bacteria with various antibiotic resistances in addition to infections brought on by bacteria that are antibiotic-resistant. In order to cure illnesses caused by resistant bacteria, the repurposing of outdated antibiotics may be on the table. Colistin is a crucial antibiotic in veterinary medicine, according to a number of published perspectives, although it should only be administered with caution. However, the discovery of the plasmid-derived mcr1 gene and subsequent reports that this gene has propagated around the world. Escherichia coli strains isolated from companion animals have been found to carry the mcr1 (colistin resistance gene), and possible humananimal cross-contamination has been looked into. The findings demonstrated that mcr1-carrying E. coli might inhabit pets and spread between people and animals. The cat and dog strains used in this investigation had variable colistin resistance rates, which varied between trials. Although no isolates were found to be positive for the mcr1-3 genes in this study, it is believed that colistin resistance, which is determined phenotypically, should not be ignored in terms of spreading both in cat and dog populations as well as in terms of risk to human health, given the possibility that resistance could occur with other different mechanisms. Epidemiological research still uses in vitro antibacterial susceptibility patterns. Our antibiotyping method, which was based on an analysis of several antibiotic resistances, provided quantitative data. Commercial software was utilized to conduct the evaluation. There are no reports or publications that provide quantitative antibiotyping data for E. coli strains in the literature. A popular technique for genotyping different bacterial species is RAPD-PCR. By determining if certain specific genotypes are similar to those of other resistance strains, RAPD-PCR and other genotyping data can be compared with antibiotic resistance profiles to determine the specific risk of treatment resistance in infectious diseases. All organisms that were colistin resistant exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, and these findings were also related to RAPD genotypes. The findings indicated that colistin-resistant E. coli bacteria could potentially represent a risk to human health and were thought to be transmitted from cats and dogs to humans and vice versa.Öğe Effects of Beta Vinasse Supplementation on Performance, Meat Quality and Ilio-Caecal Microflora in Quail Rations(Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2022) Çetin, İsmail; Yeşilbağ, D.; Cengiz, Şerife Şule; Çetin, Ece; Sarpasar, M.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Beta (?)-vinasse supplementation on the live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield, meat quality, and ilio-caecal bacteriological flora of quails. A total of 240 5-d-old Japanese (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) quails, including both males and females, were divided into 3 groups 80 quails and treated as follow: a control group (1) with 0 g ?-vinasse/ kg ration; (2) 15 g/kg ?-vinasse and (3) 30 g/kg ?-vinasse. The study lasted for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, supplementation with ?-vinasse did not have a significant effect on FI and FCR. Dietary supplementation with 30 g/ kg ?-vinasse significantly (P < 0.05) increased LW (21 d)and LWG (5 to 21 d). The dietary treatment of quails with different levels of ?-vinasse did not affect hot carcass weight, cold carcass weights, hot and cold carcass yields, and breast and thigh pH.The lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of breast values were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 30 g/kg supplementation. Different levels of ?-vinasse significantly increased Lactobacillus spp. in faeces. As a result, it was concluded that ?-vinasse (by-product obtained from molasses) can be used in quail diets as an alternative feed source that will meet the nutritional needs of the animal and have positive effects on the digestive system, especially on the intestinal health (an increase in Lactobacillus spp. counts). © 2023, Derya Yesilbag YeşilbağÖğe The influence of phytogenic additive on the antioxidant capacity, immunity and liver functions in stress-induced male rats(Hellenic Veterinary Medical Soc, 2022) Köşeli, E.; Seyidoğlu, Nilay; Gurbanlı, R.; Aydın, C.Global animal feeding strategies have been modified due to several ecosystem changes that cause stress and decline in health, growth, and yields.According to the literature, natural additives have been fundamental to animal health from day to day. The present study measured changes in antioxidant status, immunity, liver functions and organ weights tested under stress conditions to determine whether dietary supplementation with phytogenic additive could provide beneficial effects. Forty-eight adult,male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into four groups;-Control(C),Stress(S),Treatment(Tr),Treatment and Stress(TrS). Rats in groups Tr and TrS received phytogenic additive by adding into water (2mL/L) 5days a week for 28days. All rats were exposed to prolonged light phase conditions (18h light: 6h dark) for 14 days. Also, two chronic stresses, isolation and crowded environments, were applied to animals in the Stress and TrS groups. There was a significant decline in the oxidant status in untreated stress group, while phytogenic additive fed rats maintained a significantly higher total antioxidant status. This study also showed a significant increase in IL-4 and decrease in IFN-gamma in the untreated Stress group compared to the Control group. There were increases in liver enzymes in the Stress group in comparison to the Control group. After the phytogenic treat-ment, there was an increase in the weight of the liver, intestine, brain and testes. In conclusion, this study showed that supplementation of phytogenic additive containing milk thistle and artichoke with choline,carnitine, vitamin E and methionine describes the protective effects on antioxidant status, immunological parameters and liver functions under mixed stress conditions.Öğe Investigation of the changes in physical and chemical parameters of Damascus goat milk in the early postpartum(Univ Zagreb Vet Faculty, 2022) Göçmen, Huban; Darbaz, İsfendiyar; Ergene, Osman; Aslan, SelimThe aim of this study was to reveal the milk components and the changes in their characteristics in Damascus goats during the early postpartum period. For this purpose, 50 Damascus goats (aged 2 to 8 years) were selected for this study. A total of 291 milk samples were collected under sterile conditions during the mornings of the 10th, 20th and 30th days postpartum. Results were statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney U Test and repeated measures ANOVA. All collected samples were analysed for milk composition (lactose (L), protein (P), casein (C), fat (F), total solid (TS), solid not fat (SNF), freezing point (FP), acidity (A), density (D), free fatty acid (FFA), and citric acid (CA)). A significant decrease was detected in P, C, F, TS and SNF values between the 10th and 30th days postpartum (pp) (P <0.01). Similar results were also observed in FP, A, D and CA values between the same days (P <0.05; P <0.01). A significant positive correlation was detected between FP, A, P, C, F and TS (0.812 and 0.980; P<0.05 and P<0.01). Additionally, a correlation was detected between C and P (0.983; P <0.01). These results reveal that these parameters decreased significantly in the early puerperal period compared to the first 10 days, and these decreases were not associated with an increase during milk yield in the early period of lactation (up to the 30th-day pp).Öğe Dietary intake of Spirulina platensis alters HSP70 gene expression profiles in the brain of rats in an experimental model of mixed stress(Indian Acad Sciences, 2022) Ardıçlı, Sena; Seyidoğlu, Nilay; Köseli, Eda; Gurbanli, Rovshan; Aydın, CenkSpirulina platensis has gradually gained more attention for its therapeutic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential worldwide. However, the current molecular knowledge about the effects of spirulina on stress-related genes is rather limited. The effects of dietary intake of spirulina on the HSP70 gene expression were assessed in a controlled in vivo experimental design. Moreover, alterations in serum corticosterone levels, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma, triglyceride, ALT, AST, relative gene expression values, and the correlations between them were evaluated. A total of 36 rats were divided into four groups: control group, stress-only group, spirulina group, and spirulina+stress group. To control the dose administration, S. platensis was applied by a gastric gavage in stress groups. Crowded environment stress and hosting alone stress were applied to the stress-only group and spirulina + stress group. RNA was extracted from brain samples using TRlpure and the relative gene expression assessment was performed using Roche-LightCycler-480-II real-time PCR-System. Gene expression values were remarkably different among the four experimental groups. The differences between stress-only and the spirulina groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The correlation between the HSP70 gene expression and the IFN-gamma was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05; r=0.50). Results indicate a novel effect of spirulina on the HSP70 expression related to the stress-response. Data presented in this study may be useful for further studies to define not only the molecular genetic aspects through dietary S. platensis but also the effects of spirulina on stress-response and animal welfare.Öğe Üreme Sezonu Dışında Kısa Süreli Progestagen ve PMSG ile Senkronize Edilen Koyunlarda Ümmunmodülatör Kullanımının Vaginal Akıntı Skoru ve Konsepsiyon Oranı Üzerine Etkisi(2022) Doğan, Halef; Kutlu, MetehanÜreme sezonu dı?ında, koyunlarda en yaygın kullanılan östrüs uyarım protokollerinden birisi, kısa süreli progestagen ve gebe kısrak serum gonadotropin (PMSG) kombinasyonudur. Progestagenlerin genital organlarda olu?turduğu immunsupresyon ile birlikte intravaginal süngerlerin olu?turduğu irkiltici etki, çoğu kez vaginada deği?en derecelerde vaginal akıntı ve inflamasyona sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalı?mada, kısa süreli intravaginal progestagen ve PMSG kombinasyonu ile östrüsleri uyarılan üreme sezonu dı?ındaki koyunlarda, protokole immunmodülatör ilavesinin vaginal akıntı skoru ve konsepsiyon oranı üzerindeki etkisinin ara?tırılması amaçlanmı?tır. Çalı?mada, 60 adet Macar merinosu ırkı koyun kullanıldı. Koyunlar rastgele iki e?it gruba ayrıldıktan sonra, deney grubuna (CCL), 10 mg Corynebacterium cutis lizatı uygulanarak, 7 gün süre ile progestagen içeren vaginal sünger uygulandı. Yedinci günde süngerler alınarak, 500 IU PMSG enjeksiyonu yapıldı. Kontrol grubuna (Kontrol) ise, sadece 7 gün intravaginal progestagen ve PMSG uygulaması yapıldı. Süngerlerin çıkarıldığı anda vaginal akıntı skorları belirlenerek kaydedildi. Koyunların östrüsleri takip edilerek elde a?ım yaptırıldı. Elde a?ımlar sonrası gebelik muayenesi yapılarak, gruplarda konsepsiyon oranları belirlendi. CCL ve Kontrol gruplarında östrüs oranları (%96.6 & %93.1; P>0.05) ve ortalama vaginal akıntı skorlarında (1.20 & 1.53; P>0.05) farklılık tespit edilmezken, konsepsiyon oranlarında ise istatistiki açıdan önemlik tespit edildi (%79.3 & %50.0; P=0.011). Alınan verilerden, vaginal akıntı skor sayısı azaldıkça, konsepsiyon oranının arttığı belirlense de, yapılan korrelasyon analizinde, vaginal akıntı skoru ve konsepsiyon oranı arasında anlamlı bir ili?kinin olmadığı tespit edildi (P>0.05). Sunulan bu çalı?manın sonuçlarına göre, üreme sezonu dı?ında kısa süreli progestagen ve PMSG kombinasyonu uygulanan koyunlarda, protokole immunmodülatör ilavesinin, östrüs oranı ve vaginal akıntı skorları üzerine etkili olmadığı, ancak konsepsiyon oranında önemli derecede bir artı? meydana getirdiği sonucuna varıldı.Öğe Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Bovine Amniotic Fluids Collected in Different Trimesters on the Epidural Fibrosis After Experimental Laminectomy in Rats(Elsevier Science Inc, 2023) Yurtal, Ziya; Kulualp, Kadri; Özkan, Hüseyin; Mıcılı, Serap Cilaker; Doğan, Halef; Şişman, Ali Riza; Ersoy, NevinBACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of bovine amniotic fluid (BAF) on the inhibition of epidural fibrosis (EF) after experimental laminectomy. -METHODS: Forty female Sprague Dawley rats were used. The amniotic fluids were collected from each trimester of a pregnant cow. The rats were divided into 5 groups. Whereas no laminectomy was applied to the con-trol group, animals in the sham group underwent lam-inectomy. Laminectomy was performed in the animals in other groups and the operation area was closed by drip-ping 1 mL of BAF collected in 3 trimesters of pregnancy. Animals were killed 28 days after the operation.RESULTS: Compared with control, VEGF gene expression levels were downregulated approximately 5-fold in BAF-2. Whereas IL-6 was upregulated approximately 8-fold in the sham, it was downregulated 5-fold and 3-fold in BAF-1 and BAF-2, respectively. There was downregulation in BAF-2 and BAF-3 in terms of CD105 gene expression levels. TGFb1 was upregulated approximately 2-fold in the sham group and downregulated in BAF-1 and BAF-2. Although histopathologic alterations including EF grade and fibro-blast cell density were found to increase in the sham group, all BAF treatment decreased those of alterations. The highest CD105 immunoreactivity was detected in the sham group. All BAF treatment markedly aggravated fibrosis via decreasing CD105 immunoreactivity. In terms of grading parameters, almost the closest grades to the con-trol were determined in the BAF-2. BAF collected in the second trimester is most effective in healing of scar tissue and preventing fibrosis via decreasing microvessel and fibroblast densities.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that BAF may be used as a potential protective agent to prevent EF.Öğe Does Rainbow Trout Seminal Plasma-Cysteine Combination Affect the Cryo-Survivability and Post-Thaw Incubation Resilience of Ram Semen?(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2022) Gökçe, Elif; Üstüner, BurcuThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both pure rainbow trout seminal plasma (RTSP) supplementation and RTSP-cysteine combination on cryopreservation success and post-thaw incubation resilience of ram semen in the nonbreeding season. For this purpose, different doses of RTSP (0%, 1%, 10%, and 15%) with or without cysteine supplementation were used for experiments. Ejaculates chosen for experiments were pooled and then divided into eight equal volumes for grouping (Control-ControlC, RTSP1-RTSP1C, RTSP10-RTSP10C, and RTSP15-RTSP15C). After cryopreservation, frozen-thawed semen samples were incubated for 5 hours at 37 degrees C for determination of post-thaw incubation resistance. Motility, HOST, TUNEL, Rh123-PI, and CTC tests were performed at 0 hour and 3rd and 5th hours of post-thaw incubation to evaluate the efficacy of all experimental groups. The RTSP10 and RTSP10C groups were noted to provide the best protection on motility, plasma membrane integrity, DNA integrity, and mitochondrial function of cryopreserved ram semen. On the other hand, the best protection against cryo-capacitation was observed in RTSP15 and RTSP15C groups. The addition of cysteine was found to be effective when the higher (15%) or lower (1%) doses of RTSP were used, as well as for no use of RTSP.Öğe Neonicotinoid Analysis in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Honey Samples Collected around Tekirdag in Turkey(Hindawi Ltd, 2023) Özdemir, Nurullah; Muz, Mustafa NecatiIn recent years, the widespread use of neonicotinoids in agricultural areas has caused environmental pollution due to its lower toxicity to mammals. Honey bees, which are considered as biological indicators of environmental pollution, can carry these pollutants to the hives. Forager bees returning from sunflower crops that have been treated with neonicotinoids treated sunflower fields cause residue accumulation in the hives, which reason colony-level adverse effects. This study analyses neonicotinoid residues in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) honey sampled by beekeepers from Tekirdag province. Honey samples have been subjected to liquid-liquid extraction methods before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method validation was carried out to fulfill all the necessary requirements of procedures SANCO/12571/2013. Accuracy was in the range of 93.63-108.56%, for recovery in the range of 63.04-103.19%, and for precision in the range 6.03-12.77%. Detection and quantification limits were determined according to the maximum residue limits of each analyte. No neonicotinoid residues were found above the maximum residue limit in the sunflower honey samples analysed.Öğe Environmental factors influencing milk yield and lactation length in Italian Mediterranean buffaloes in Turkiye(Hellenic Veterinary Medical Soc, 2022) Yenilmez, Kudret; Doğan, Halef; Özbaşer, Fatma TülinThis preliminary study was conducted to investigate the impact of the fixed effects of calving season, parity, calving age and service period, on the annual average milk yield and lactation length of the Italian Mediterra-nean Buffaloes that were milked by rotary milking parlor. For this purpose the data of 347 buffaloes of a dairy farm (with milking parlor) was used. Their annual average milk yield and lactation length were found to be 1587.55 +/- 33.82 L and 247.66 +/- 4.39 days. It was observed that the prolonged service period had a positive effect on the total milk yield and lactation length. The calving season did not affect the milk yield, but the lactation length was longer in the buffa-loes calving in winter months. The service period had a direct effect on the economic profitability, and it was observed that the service period of buffaloes calving in winter was shorter. It was also determined that milk productivity was positively affected due to the increase of calving age and parity, but there were wide variations in the herd. In conclu-sion, calving age, parity, and service period had a positive effect on the annual average milk yield and lactation length, but, on the other hand, calving season did not affect the annual average milk yield. Further studies on breeding and herd management are required to minimize variations in buffalo herds milked by rotary milking system.Öğe Effect of Dietary Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oil Supplementation on Growth Performance and Cecal Microbiota of Broilers(Hellenic Veterinary Medical Soc, 2022) Çetin, Ece; Anar, B.; Temelli, Seran; Cengiz, S. S.; Eren, M.In this study, the effect of dietary supplementation of oregano and rosemary essential oils (EO) on growth performance and cecal microbiota of broilers were investigated. A total of 450 1-d-old male Ross-308 broilers were divided into 5-experimental groups (10 replicates of 9 chickens): a Control (C), fed a basal diet; four treatments, which received a basal diet supplemented with oregano and rosemary EOs individually (O, 300 mg/kg oregano EO; R, 300 mg/kg rosemary EO) and combined (OR1, 150 mg/kg oregano EO + 150 mg/kg rosemary EO; OR2, 200 mg/kg oregano EO + 200 mg/kg rosemary EO). Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conver-sion ratio (FCR), and cecal microbiota (coliforms, clostridia and lactobacilli) were determined weekly, and at 42 d, re-spectively. BW in R (p < 0.05) and OR2 (p < 0.001), and BWG and FCR in OR2 (p < 0.05) were significantly higher than C at 42 d, despite no difference in FI in any group during experimental period. Counts of cecal coliforms (p < 0.001) and clostridia (p < 0.01) decreased, and lactobacilli (p < 0.001) increased substantially between C and treatment groups. Results indicated that combined oregano and rosemary EO (200 mg/kg ea) supplementation significantly increased BW and BWG, improved FCR in 1-42 d, lowered coliform and clostridial, and increased lactobacilli counts suggesting a beneficial shift in cecal microbiota.Öğe The effect of carprofen treatment on reproductive parameters following progestagen administration in lactating German Fawn x Hair crossbred goats during the transitional period(Sivar-Soc Italiana Veterinari Animali Reddito, 2022) Kutlu, M.; Alkan, H.; Doğan, Halef; Dinç, D. A.The aim of this study was determine the effects of carprofen treatment on some reproductive parameters in German Fawn (75%) x Hair (25%) Crossbred goats during the transitional period. The 60 adult goats were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing progestagen (60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate, Esponjavet((R)), Hipra, Spain) for 17 days in the transitional period (June) (day -18). Two days before the sponge removal (day -3) all animals received 12.5 mg dinoprost tromethamine (Dinolytic High Concentration((R)), Zoetis, Spain) intramuscularly, while PMSG 400 IU (Oviser((R)), Hipra, Spain) was administered intramuscularly on the day of removal of the sponge (day -1). Goats in estrus were mated with a proven bucks (all goats:buck ratio of 7:1). Then animals were randomly divided into two groups. Goats in Control Group (n = 30) were not administered any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Goats in Carprofen Group (n = 30) were given 1.4 mg/kg carprofen (Rimadyl XL (R), Zoetis, Germany) on day 14 post mating (day of estrus = day 0). Pregnancies were determined with transabdominal real time B Mod ultrasonography (Hitachi EUB - 405) with convex prob (3.5 MHz) on day 40-42 post-mating. All goats showed estrus and estrus rate was 100% in all goats. The results showed that there were no statistical differences between the Control Group and Carprofen Group in pregnancy rates (90% and 93.3%), kidding rates (100% and 100%), multiple birth rates (66.6% and 78.5%) and litter sizes (2.03 and 2.32). The serum progesterone concentration on day 16 post mating of Carprofen Group (9.36 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those of Control Group (7.96 ng/ml) (p <= 0.05). It is concluded that, after long term (17 day) progesterone administration during the transitional period, carprofen treatment increased P4 concentration but the increased P4 concentrations did not have a remarkable effect on the pregnancy rate.Öğe Relationship between blood calcium level and post-milking teat canal closure in dairy cows(Springer, 2023) Doğan, Halef; Yenilmez, KudretThe teat canal-one of the primary defense mechanisms of the udder-ensures the milk flow during milking in bovines and prevents pathogens from entering the udder by forming a barrier through the elastic muscle and keratin layers tightly closing the surrounding area. The current study investigated the effects of blood calcium status on teat closure in cows after milking. The study covered 200 healthy teats, of which 100 were from normocalcemic (NC) cows and 100 were from subclinical hypocalcemic (SCH) cows. Teat canal length (TCL) and width (TCW) were measured with ultrasonography at 0-min pre-milking and 15- and 30-min post-milking. Cylindrically shaped teat canal volume (TCV) was calculated by deriving from TCL and TCW. Time-dependent changes in teat canal closure and their relationships with blood calcium levels were analyzed. The results showed that the calcium level did not affect TCL, TCW, and TCV (P > 0.05) during the 15-min post-milking period. However, TCL (P < 0.001), TCW (P < 0.05), and TCV (P < 0.001) were lower in NC cows than in SCH cows at 30-min post-milking. At 15-min post-milking, no correlation existed between the teat canal closure (Delta TCL, Delta TCW, and Delta TCV) and the blood calcium level, while significant correlations were available between the teat canal closure and the blood calcium level {Delta TCL (r: - 0.288, P < 0.001), Delta TCW (r: - 0.260, P < 0.001), Delta TCV (r: - 0.150, P < 0.05)} at 30-min post-milking. The current study concluded that the blood calcium status significantly impacts the teat canal closure in bovines, and calcium status should be meticulously monitored with the mastitis control program to apply necessary strategic steps.Öğe Sığır Karkas ve Sakatatlarında Hijyen Profilinin Yasal Mevzuat Kriterleri ile Değerlendirilmesi(2021) Demircioğlu, Ayşegül; Coşkun, Ahmet Gökhan; Temelli, Seran; Çetin, Ece; Eyigör, AyşegülÇalışmada, kasaplık sığırların karkas ve sakatatlarının Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK) Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği Üretim Hijyeni Kriterleri gereklilikleri dahilinde mikrobiyolojik kalitesinin belirlenmesi hedeflendi. Bu amaç ile, Marmara Bölgesinde 2013-2015 yılları arasında, 3 kombina ve 1 mezbahadan toplam 400 adet örnek alındı. Alınan 100 adet karkas örneği, Aerobik Koloni Sayısı (AKS) ve Enterobacteriaceae sayısı (ES)’nın belirlenmesi ve Salmonella varlığı yönünden, her bir karkasa ait olmak üzere toplamda 300 adet yenilebilir sakatat (100 karaciğer, 100 dalak, 100 böbrek) örneği ise Salmonella varlığı açısından, ilgili uluslararası standartlar olan ISO 4833-1:2003 (AKS), ISO 21528- 2:2004 (ES) ve ISO 6579:2002 (Salmonella) kullanılarak analiz edildi. İncelenen karkas örneklerinde AKS, 3,0x102- 4,0x105 kob/cm2 aralığında olup ortalama 3,1 x 104 kob/cm2, ES ise 0,1 x 101- 8,5 x 102 kob/ cm2 aralığında olup ortalama 1,9 x 102 kob/cm2 olarak bulundu. AKS ve ES sonuçlarının birbirinden bağımsız olarak ilgili yönetmeliğe göre değerlendirilmesi sonucunda, örneklerin AKS yönünden; %34’ü ‘Uygun’, %56’sı ‘Kabul Edilir’ ve %10’u ‘Uygun Değil’, ES yönünden de %57’si ‘Uygun’, %34’ü ‘Kabul Edilir’ ve %9’u ‘Uygun Değil’ olduğu tespit edildi. TGK Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği Üretim Hijyeni Kriterleri’ne göre AKS ve ES yönünden sırasıyla %90 ve %91, AKS ve ES sonuçları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde ise %84 oranında uygun bulunan sığır karkaslarının, ayrıca sakatatları dahil Salmonella içermediği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, örnekleme yapılan dönem içinde hijyenik kalitesinin oldukça iyi düzeyde olduğuna karar verildi.Öğe The investigation of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species and Bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus in Northwest Turkiye(Springer, 2023) Muz, Dilek; Dik, Bilal; Muz, Mustafa NecatiCulicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) act as mechanical and biological vectors of arboviruses and are crucial in the global spread of these viruses. This study investigated the diversity of distribution of Culicoides species and the presence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Tekirdag province in Northwest Turkiye. The fourteen Culicoides species, such as Culicoides newsteadi, Culicoides schultzei, Culicoides nubeculosus comp., Culicoides punctatus, Culicoides circumscriptus, Culicoides obsoletus comp., Culicoides gejgelensis, Culicoides festivipennis, Culicoides longipennis, Culicoides spp., Culicoides pulicaris, Culicoides picturatus, Culicoides odiatus, Culicoides kurensis, and Culicoides flavipulicaris, were detected. Culicoides newsteadi, C. odiatus, and C. pulicaris were the most abundant species. Phylogenetic analyses of Culicoides species' ITS-1 gene region were performed. A pool of C. festivipennis was positive for SBV RNA, while the BTV genomic materials was not found in the qPCR analysis. This is the first report of the presence/detection of SBV in Culicoides species in Turkiye. The survey of bioecological and epizootiological aspects of vector species is essential in implementing effective control measures for arboviral infections.Öğe Genetic Animal Heritage of Anatolia: Short-beaked Pigeon Genotypes(2022) İhsansoysal, Mehmet; Özbaşer, Fatma Tülin; Erdem, Evren; Gürcan, Eser KemalThis study aimed to determine the morphological and morphometric characteristics of Bango, Mısıri and Baska pigeons, which have been preferred to breed as ornamental and diver pigeons in Anatolia. The ages of the pigeons were classified into four groups: 12-24 months of age (age group I), 25-36 months of age (age group II), 37-48 months of age (age group III), and 48 months of age and over (age group IV). These three pigeon genotypes were included in the bird group with short beak and small body structure. There were statistically significant differences among the genotypes in terms of body weight, head length-width, beak length-depth, chest depth-width, thoracic perimeter, tail and body length, wing span-length, tarsus diameter (p?0.01). Considering the body plumage color of pigeons, Mısıri and Bango pigeons show more similar appearance, however Baska pigeons has a different appearance from both genotypes. However, it is thought that it would be appropriate to evaluate morphological data together with genetic analysis. We think that these three pigeon genotypes should be taken under immediate protection in order to protect the domestic gene resources of Turkey.Öğe Lentilactobacillus buchneri Preactivation Affects the Mitigation of Methane Emission in Corn Silage Treated with or without Urea(Mdpi, 2022) Bağcık, Caner; Koç, Fisun; Erten, Kadir; Esen, Selim; Palangi, Valiollah; Lackner, MaximilianThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different forms of Lentilactobacillus buchneri on the in vitro methane production, fermentation characteristics, nutritional quality, and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with or without urea. The following treatments were applied prior to ensiling: (1) no urea treatment and LB; (2) no urea treatment+freeze dried LB; (3) no urea treatment+preactivated LB; (4) with urea treatment+no LB; (5) with urea treatment+freeze dried LB; (6) with urea treatment+preactivated. LB was applied at a rate of 3 x 10(8) cfu/kg on a fresh basis, while urea was applied at a rate of 1% on the basis of dry matter. Data measured at different time points were analyzed according to a completely randomized design, with a 2 x 3 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments, while the others were analyzed with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Preactivated LB was more effective than freeze-dried LB in reducing silage pH, ammonia nitrogen, cell-wall components, yeast count, and carbon dioxide production, as well as increasing lactic acid and residual water-soluble carbohydrate and aerobic stability (p < 0.0001). A significant reduction in the methane ratio was observed after 24 h and 48 h incubation with preactivated forms of LB (p < 0.001). The results indicated that preactivated LB combined with urea improved fermentation characteristics, nutritional quality, and aerobic stability and reduced the methane ratio of corn silages.Öğe Determination of the average intraocular pressure values, optimum anesthesia dose and phenotypic characteristics in Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus)(2021) Yaşar, Tuba Özge; Yağcılar, Çetin; Yardımcı, MehmetThis research was carried out to determine the intraocular pressure values, optimum anesthesia dose and phenotypic characteristics in Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus). A total of 11 adult, male Oscar fish were used in the study. Optimum anesthesia dose, pre-and post-anesthesia intraocular pressure values and phenotypic measurements (total length, fork length, standard length, dorsal fin base length, head length, body length, eye diameter, body depth, pectoral length, pelvic fin bottom length, anal fin bottom length) were determined and reference values specific to this fish species were obtained by performing a statistical analysis. When exposed to 3 cc/L of the concentrations, fish achieved a deep state of anesthesia (induction time 1.31 min; recovery time 6.42 min). The most balanced anesthesia without risking vital functions was achieved using Clove oil with a dose of 2.5 cc/L. Compared to the other dimensions, total length, fork length and standard length were the most consistent body measurements with high positive correlations. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was seen in both eyes between the intraocular pressure values before (5.36-5.86) and after (5.59-5.36) anesthesia. It is recommended that the ideal concentration of clove oil was 2.5 cc/L to reduce stress and injury damage during handling procedures. Additionally, intraocular pressure values, body measurements and Clove oil optimum anesthesia dose obtained in this study can be used as reference values for Oscar fish raised in aquarium conditions.Öğe Türkiye'de farklı niteliklere sahip süt sığırı işletmelerinde mastitisin koruma ve kontrolü kapsamındaki bazı uygulamaların düzeyleri(2021) Saat, Nevzat; Yüksel, Murat; Doğan, Halef; Kılınç, Mehmet Akif; Şeker, İbrahim; Şafak, Tarık; Kul, SelimAmaç: Sunulan çalışmada Türkiye’deki 177 küçük ve 169 büyük ölçeklisüt sığırı işletmesinde mastitisin koruma ve kontrolu?ne yönelik uygulamalar ve uygulanma düzeylerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu kapsamda Türkiye’de farklı illerdeki toplam 346süt sığırı işletmesinden meme sağlığı ile ilgili verileri toplanarak istatistiksel açıdan incelendi.Bulgular: Büyük ölçekli işletmelerde en fazla 50-200 baş (n=96, %56,8ve en fazla Holştayn ırkı (n=97, %57,4)) ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerde iseen fazla 11-20 baş (n=71, %40,1 ve en fazla Simental ırkı (n=153, %86,4))arası inek olduğu, bu iki tip işletmede 4 yaşlı ineklerin daha fazla olduğu(sırasıyla, n=62, %36,7 ve n=93, %52,5) görülmüştür. Büyük işletmelerdeteat dipping (%70,4), kuru dönem antibiyotik (%72,8), teat seal(%9,5) vemastitis aşısı (%55,6) uygulamalarının küçük ölçekli işletmelerden dahayüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Büyük işletmelerde predipping (%59,2)ve postdipping uygulaması yapanların oranının (%67,5) yapmayanlardandaha fazla olduğu ve uygulamalarda en fazla iyotlu antiseptiklerin kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Küçük ölçekli işletmelerde sağım hijyeni uygulamayanların oranının (%61,6) fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu iki tip işletmede günlük ortalama süt verimi üzerine işletme tipi (p<0,000) ve ırkın(p<0,001) etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur.Öneri: Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’deki süt sığırı işletmelerinde mastitisdenkoruma ve mastitisin kontrolu? amaçlı uygulanan yöntemlerin oranlarının,geçmiş yıllarla karşılaştırıldığında daha yüksek olduğu fakat istenen düzeylerde olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Türkiye’deki Bir İşletmede Yetiştirilen İtalyan Mandalarına Ait Bazı Reprodüktif Özellikler ve Karşılaşılan Reprodüktif Bozuklukların İnsidensi Üzerine Bir Çalışma(2022) Özbaşer, Fatma Tülin; Yenilmez, Kudret; Doğan, HalefBu çalışmada, Türkiye’de özel bir işletmede entansif yetiştiriciliği yapılan İtalyan mandalarına aitbazı reprodüktif özellikler ve karşılaşılan reprodüktif bozuklukların insidensinin belirlenmesiamaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, işletmede bulunan 347 adet dişi mandaya ait iki yıllık işletme kayıtlarıincelenerek, hayvanların reprodüktif verim özelliklerinden gebelik oranı, ilkine gebe kalma yaşı,ilkine malaklama yaşı, doğum-yeniden gebe kalma aralığı, iki doğum arasındaki süre, gebeliksüresi, dişi ve erkek malak doğum ağırlığı parametreleri hesaplandı. Ayrıca sürüde iki yıllık süreçtegözlenen abort, güç doğum ve bazı postpartum bozuklukların insidensi belirlendi. İncelenen verilersonucunda, sürü içerisinde bazı parametrelerde önemli varyasyonların olduğu, ayrıca etkili bir sürüyönetimi için düzenli reprodüktif takip ve üreme programları uygulanması gerektiği kanaatinevarıldı.
