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An Investigation on the Effect of Bottom Layer Material on the Voltage Output of A Piezoelectric Smart Woven Structure
(Ege Univ, 2018) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman
In this work, the voltage output of a 2-dimensional (2D) woven fabric produced by using polyvinylidene fluoride-based (PVDF) piezoelectric filaments into a plain woven fabric structure was studied. Piezoelectric PVDF filaments were produced via a method in which production and polarisation takes placesimultaneously. Produced filaments were investigated under differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to have an idea on the degree of crystallinity and beta-phase content, respectively. A test sample was prepared by locating 2D piezoelectric woven structure between two pieces of indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The voltage output of the piezoelectric woven structure, which was placed on a steel or cork-like plate, was investigated by subjecting to a mechanical impact and the results were reported.
An investigation on the effect of bottom layer material on the voltage output of a piezoelectric smart woven structure
(Ege Universitesi, 2018) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman
In this work, the voltage output of a 2-dimensional (2D) woven fabric produced by using polyvinylidene fluoride-based (PVDF) piezoelectric filaments into a plain woven fabric structure was studied. PiezoelectricPVDF filaments were produced via a method in which production and polarisation takes placesimultaneously. Produced filaments wereinvestigated under differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to have an idea on the degree of crystallinity and ?-phase content, respectively.A test sample was prepared by locating 2D piezoelectric woven structure between two pieces of indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The voltage output of the piezoelectric woven structure, which was placed on a steel or cork-like plate, was investigated by subjecting to a mechanical impact and the results were reported. © 2018 Ege Universitesi. All rights reserved.
Continuous production of piezoelectric PVDF fibre for e-textile applications
(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2013) Hadimani, R. L.; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Sion, N.; Shah, Tahir H.; Qian, Limin; Shi, Shaoxin; Siores, Elias
Polymers have been widely used as piezoelectric materials in the form of films and bulk materials but there are limited publications on piezoelectric fibre structures. In this paper the process of preparing piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibres from granules by continuous melt extrusion and in-line poling is reported for the first time. The poling of PVDF fibres was carried out at an extension ratio of 4:1, a temperature of 80 degrees C and a high voltage of the order of 13 000 V on a 0.5 mm diameter fibre in a melt extruder. The entire process of making PVDF fibres from granules and poling them to make piezoelectric fibres was carried out in a continuous process using a customized melt extruder. The prepared piezoelectric fibres were then tested using an impact test rig to show the generation of voltage upon application of an impact load. PVDF granules, unpoled fibres and poled fibres were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which showed the presence of beta phase in the poled fibres. The ultimate tensile stress and strain, Young's modulus and microstructures of poled and unpoled fibres were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Development of Electrospun Fish Gelatin/Silver/Poly(lactic acid) Nanofibers
(Kauno Technologijos Universitetas, 2024) Ulusoy Çakir, Gizem; Ağirgan, Ahmet Özgür; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman
In this work, the evaluation of fish scales (FS), which is an organic waste of the fishing industry and cannot be recycled, was studied. FS was cleaned and dried before being used as fish gelatin (FG) in the electrospinning process. A polymer solution of PLA was used as a carrier for FG and silver nanoparticles (Ag). The amount of PLA and Ag was kept constant for each electrospinning solution while FG was added in three different ratios (0.5 %, 1 % and 2 %). The electrospinning process was carried out at 0.5 mL/h feeding rate, 11 kV applied voltage and 10 cm collector distance. Obtained nanofibrous surfaces were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The results confirmed porous fiber formation which has potential use in many fields, such as filtration, biomedical and healthcare applications. © Ulusoy Çakir et al. 2024.
Effect of Addition of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Piezoelectric Properties of Polypropylene Filaments
(Amer Scientific Publishers, 2015) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Hadimani, R. L.; Shah, Tahir H.; Siores, Elias
The effect of addition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the piezoelectric properties of polypropylene (PP) monofilaments has been investigated. Various amounts of CNTs (0%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% weight ratios) were melt-blended with PP and the resulting nanocomposites were extruded in a continuous process with simultaneous on-line poling to produce monofilaments. Concurrent stretching at a draw ratio of 5:1 and polarisation at applied electric fields of 15 kV of PP/CNT filaments was observed to enhance the piezoelectric properties. The microstructure and crystallinity of the filaments was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Voltage generation by the CNT-modified PP filaments was determined by the application of predetermined load impact. The results show that the incorporation of CNTs in the PP fibre structure has a considerable impact on the enhancement of piezoelectric properties of the PP filament obtained that the peak voltage generation was almost four fold (from 0.76 V to 2.92 V) when 0.1 wt% of CNTs added into the polymer. This is owing to the fact that carbon nanotubes act as nucleating agent for enhancing the crystallisation during the melt extrusion process.
Effects of tourmaline on the voltage response of PVDF filaments
(Inst Natl Cercetare-Dezvoltare Textile Pielarie-Bucuresti, 2017) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of a natural piezoelectric crystal material on the voltage response of polymeric filaments. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based piezoelectric filaments containing tourmaline (TM) powder were successfully produced. TM powder was directly blended in thermoplastic PVDF polymer at mass ratios of 1%, 3% and 5% via a compounder. Pristine PVDF filaments were also produced as control materials. Tensile properties, the surface morphologies and melting characteristics of resulting filaments were investigated.Piezoelectric beta-phase content was calculated from the intensity levels of peaks at certain wavenumbers obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Voltage responses of the filaments were investigated by an impact test rig and recorded by a digital oscilloscope. The results show that the addition of TM powder into PVDF polymer did not have a negative effect on tenacity of the filaments but a slight increase in beta-phase content and the voltage response were observed with an increase in TM ratio.
Energy Harvesting Smart Textiles
(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Shah, Tahir H.; Siores, Elias; Matsouka, Dimitroula; Vassiliadis, Savvas
The ever-increasing population of the world is putting a significant demand on the need for multifunctional electronic devices and electricity to power them. This growing demand has led to an enhanced focus on the development of energy harvesting techniques based on renewable and ambient sources. Although materials having unique properties such as photovoltaic, piezoelectric and triboelectric have been known for a long time and have been utilized usually in the form of thin-film structures, their utilization in the form of textile structures for energy harvesting is a relatively new area of research. This chapter will focus on the recent advances in the area of photovoltaic, piezoelectric and triboelectric energy-generating textile structures and the fundamentals of these unique properties, production methods and textile-based energy storage. Finally, expected future trends in the fabrication and application of textile-based energy harvesting and storage will be discussed.
Evaluating silver-plated nylon (Ag/PA66) e-textiles for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) application
(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2020) Logothetis, Irini; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Gil, Ignacio; Dabnichki, Peter; Pirogova, Elena
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an established method for assessing integrity of biotissue. Adapting BIA as a diagnostic tool to monitor electrophysiological activity gives rise to evidence-based objective diagnostic approaches as opposed to visual assessment currently performed by practitioners in wound healing management. Advancements in the telecommunication and textile industries have made the Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT), the future of telemedicine. E-textile electrodes give us the ability for long-term monitoring applications; however, they are associated with electrode polarization impedance (Z(p)) contributing to the electrode-skin impedance (Z(es)). By studying the design of e-textile electrodes, we can reduce Z(p) and characterise it relative to changes in skin properties, such as skin temperature and perspiration. In this study, we examined the effects of selected textile substrates on changes in Z(p) of e-textile electrodes, and characterized Z(p) in a climatic chamber with temperature and relative humidity settings emulating skin temperature and perspiration. An air permeability test was also conducted to account for the physiological comfort of the e-textile electrodes. Our results demonstrate that a polyester non-woven felt substrate is ideal for use in e-textile electrodes. By understanding and quantifying the relationship between Z(p), skin temperature and perspiration, this insight can be incorporated into the calibration process of BIA systems for accurate long-term monitoring, resulting in an objective assessment of changes in tissue integrity.
Evaluating the fabric performance and antibacterial properties of 3-D piezoelectric spacer fabric
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Dubey, Amrita; Upadhyay, Ravi Kant; Priyadarshini, Richa; Roy, Susanta Sinha; Anand, Subhash C.
The increasing need of on-demand power for enabling portable low-power devices and sensors has necessitated work in novel energy harvesting materials and devices. In a recent work, we demonstrated the production and suitability of three-dimensional (3-D) spacer all fibre piezoelectric textiles for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy for wearable and technical applications. The current work investigates the textile performance properties of these 3-D piezoelectric fabrics including porosity, air permeability, water vapour transmission and bursting strength. Furthermore, as these textiles are intended for wearable applications, we have assessed their wear abrasion and consequently provide surface resistance measurements which can affect the lifetime and efficiency of charge collection in the piezoelectric textile structures. The results show that the novel smart fabric with a measured porosity of 68% had good air (1855l/m(2)/s) and water vapour permeability (1.34g/m(2)/day) values, good wear abrasion resistance over 60,000 rotations applied by a load of 12kPa and bursting strength higher than 2400kPa. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of 3-D piezoelectric fabrics revealed that owing to the use of Ag/PA66 yarns, the textiles exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against not only Gram-negative bacteria E. coli but they are also capable of killing antibiotic methicillin-resistant bacteria S. aureus.
Fe3O4@HA@Ag nanokompozitlerin hazırlanması, PVP ile nanolif üretimi ve karakterizasyonu
(2021) Yıldız, Aylin; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Ağırgan, Ahmet Özgür; Demir, Cumali
Manyetit (Fe3O4), Hümik Asit (HA) ve Gümüş (Ag) önemli özelliklere sahip malzemelerdir. Bu malzemelerin özelliklerini taşıyacak tek bir malzeme sentezlenmesi ve kullanılması bazı uygulama alanları için önemli ölçüde avantaj sağlayabilecektir. Bu çalışmada, sentezlenen Fe3O4@HA@Ag, %5, %7.5 ve %10 ağırlık oranlarında polivinilpirolidon (PVP) içerisine katkılandırılarak elektrospinning yöntemi ile nanolif üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretilen nanolifli yapıların yapısal özellikleri X-ışını Kırınımı (XRD) ile morfolojik özellikleri Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ile spektroskopik ve termal karakterizasyonları da Fourier dönüşümü kızılötesi (FTIR) ve Termogravimetrik Analiz (TGA) ile incelenmiştir. Nanoliflere ait analiz sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, Fe3O4@HA@Ag katkılı PVP nanoliflerin başarılı bir şekilde üretildiği tespit edilmiştir.
Inclusion complexes of beta-cyclodextrine with Fe3O4@HA@Ag Part I: Preparation and characterization
(Inst Natl Cercetare-Dezvoltare Textile Pielarie-Bucuresti, 2019) Atav, Rıza; Yıldız, Aylin; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Ağırgan, Ahmet Özgur
In this study, the preparation of inclusion complexes according to kneading and physical mixing techniques at 1:1 and 1:2 (guest:host) mass ratios of Fe3O4@HA@Ag and beta-cyclodextrin were studied. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and scanning electron microscope analysesof the prepared complexes were carried out. According to the results obtained, it was observed Fe3O4@HA@Ag especially forms inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin at a mass ratio of 1:2. In the second part of this study, results related to the use of these inclusion complexes during electrospinning process in order to obtain antibacterial nanowebs, which could potentially be used in medical wounds, will be given.
Investigation of the durability and stability of piezoelectric textile fibres
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2017) Matsouka, Dimitroula; Vassiliadis, Savvas; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Siores, Elias
Polymers such as polyvinylidene difluoride, polypropylene and polyamide-11 show great promise for providing lightweight, flexible and fibrous piezoelectric materials that can be integrated into technical textile fabric structures for energy harvesting applications. Durability is an important parameter for the textiles and especially for functional and smart materials. This research work provides an insight on the piezoelectric behaviour of polypropylene, polyamide-11 and polyvinylidene difluoride in terms of peak-to-peak voltage generation capabilities after washing at 40 degrees C with the addition of detergent as described in test method BS EN ISO 105-C06: 2010. It was observed that the peak-to-peak voltage generated by polypropylene monofilaments retained similar values with only slight differences, while the monofilaments of polyvinylidene difluoride and polyamide-11 showed higher peak-to-peak voltage generation after washing. These changes have been explained using the changes in the crystallinity and phase, as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis.
Investigation on the Effect of Draw Ratio on Voltage Outputs of Polarised Isotactic Polypropylene Monofilaments
(Chamber of Textile Engineers, 2016) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman
Piezoelectric isotactic polypropylene (iPP) monofilaments were prepared by drawing and poling on a laboratory scale melt extruder. Results showed that the filament properties are affected by the drawing ratio. As expected, an increase in draw ratio caused lower filament counts (thinner diameters), higher tensile strengths and higher crystallinities. To invetigate the effect of draw ratio on voltage output of produced samples, a rotational mass was applied onto the samples. Results showed that filaments subjected to a draw ratio of 2:1 had highest voltage output as compared to others. Produced filaments are found to be suitable for use in smart textiles.
On the Measurement of the Electrical Power Produced by Melt Spun Piezoelectric Textile Fibres
(Springer, 2016) Matsouka, Dimitroula; Vassiliadis, Savvas; Prekas, Kleanthis; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Siores, Elias
Piezoelectric, melt spun, textile fibres as multifunctional materials appeared recently, and they are under thorough investigation and testing in order to define their performance and behaviour. Although piezoelectricity was first reported in 1880 and the piezoelectric behaviour of organic polymers materials has been known since 1969, the fibrous form of the piezoelectric materials under consideration opens new technological horizons; however, it introduces novel restrictions and further complex parameters are involved in their study. The major issue of the current research work is the study of the actual capacity of the piezoelectric fibres, i.e. the electric power produced following mechanical stimulation of the individual fibre. The measurements were made possible after the development of the necessary specific equipment. The test results enabled the ranking of the various types of the piezoelectric fibres according to the respective power generation. The main difference in this research approach is the measurement of the power generated by the fibres. Measurement of the power generated by an electrical power source ( in the case of energy harvesting applications which is the prime interest of this research project) is an important characteristic as the requirements of various applications are expressed in units of power. Stating the voltage produced during mechanical deformation of the fibres is not enough (cf. voltage produced due to electrostatic phenomena on textiles where the voltage is in the range is the several kV, but the power is not enough to power a light-emitting diode).
Piezoelectric textile fibres for wearable energy harvesting systems
(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2018) Matsouka, Dimitroula; Vassiliadis, Savvas; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman
Piezoelectric textile fibres are important for wearable energy harvesting applications. Piezoelectric melt-spun fibres have been under investigation starting with 2010. While most of research has been carried out on fibres produced from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) which is a widely researched piezoelectric polymer, attempts have been carried out at developing fibres from polypropylene (PP) which has mostly been researched when used in cellular form. Moreover, the piezoelectric behavior of the fibres has until now been characterized, only by the voltage produced by the fibres when they are tested under open circuit conditions. The research presented in this paper, investigated yarn specimens made of polypropylene mixtures with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) regarding the electric power produced by the yarns. Measurement of the power was carried out using equipment developed by the research team and previously used to measure the power produced by monofilament piezoelectric textile yarns. The result of the current research indicate that the piezoelectric behavior of PP yarns is not affected essentially affected by the addition of MWCNTs and illustrate potential areas for further research of the behavior of piezoelectric PP yarns.
Preparation and characterization of PVDF-based nanocomposites
(wiley, 2014) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Shah, Tahir H.; Soin, Navneet; Siores, Elias
Energy is of great importance in our lives. There might have been a time when people lived without it, but now, after we all got used to having it, it is almost impossible to survive without the energy. However, the energy demand is increasing every day as the energy resources are decreasing so that we are likely to face an energy shortage. Researchers are well aware of the importance of energy; therefore, a significant number of studies are being carried out from different disciplines some of which involves using polymers and polymer blends. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF is the most widely used and studied polymer; yet, it is the first polymer discovered exhibiting piezoelectric property. This chapter reviews the synthesis and piezoelectric properties of PVDF; preparation and characterization of PVDF-based nanocomposites (polymer/polymer blends, polymer/nanoparticle blends, and ternary blends) and focuses specifically on preparation and characterization of PVDF-based nanocomposites for energy harvesting applications. © 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Preparation and Characterization of Silver Cyclohexane Mono Carboxylate : ?-Cyclodextrine Inclusion Complexes and Obtaining Wash-Resistant Antibacterial Effect on Cotton Fabrics
(Korean Fiber Society, 2019) Atav, Rıza; Yıldız, Aylin; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Ağırgan, Ahmet Özgur; Kurc, M.A.
In this study, inclusion complexes were prepared according to kneading and physical mixing techniques at 1:1 and 1:2 (guest:host) mass ratios of silver cyclohexane mono carboxylate:?-cyclodextrin. Prepared complexes were analyzed by using fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and scanning electron microscope. With regard to the obtained results, inclusion complex formation was observed with silver cyclohexane mono carboxylate and ?-cyclodextrin at a mass ratio of both 1:1 and 1:2. In addition to preparation and characterization of inclusion complexes, they were applied on cotton fabrics via pad-dry method. In order to investigate the wash resistance of antibacterial effect, inclusion complex containing cotton fabrics were repeatedly washed and tested up to 50 washes. It was determined that cotton fabrics loaded with Ag-CC:?-CD 1:2 inclusion complexes showed antimicrobial efficiency against S. aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa even after 50 washings. © 2019, The Korean Fiber Society.
Preparation of Fe3O4@HA@Ag nanocomposites, production of nanofiber with PVP and its characterization
(Pamukkale Univ, 2021) Yıldız, Aylin; Demir, Cumali; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Ağırgan, Ahmet Özgür
Magnetite (Fe3O4), Humic Acid (HA) and Silver (Ag) are materials with important properties. Synthesizing a single material which will have all the properties of these materials can provide significant advantages for some application areas. In this study, synthesized Fe3O4@HA@Ag was doped into poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), in weight ratios of 5%, 7.5% and 10%, and nanofiber production was carried out by electrospinning method. Structural properties of nanofiber structures were investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), morphological properties by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), spectroscopic and thermal characterizations by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). When the analysis results of nanofibers were evaluated, it was determined that Fe3O4@HA@Ag doped PVP nanofibers were successfully produced.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CYCLOHEXANE DI CARBOXYLATE: ?-CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPLEXES AND THEIR USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) NANOWEBS
(2020) Atav, Rıza; Yıldız, Aylin; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Ağırgan, Ahmet Özgür; Ergünay, Uğur
In this study, guest:host inclusion complexes of silver cyclohexane di carboxylate (Ag-CdC) with ?-cyclodextrin wereprepared by kneading and physical mixing techniques, and analyzed via Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) andthermogravimetric analyser (TGA). The 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometry of the guest:host were prepared. Obtained FTIR and TGA resultsshowed that formation of silver cyclohexane di carboxylate (Ag-CdC): ?-cyclodextrin (?-CD) inclusion complexes occurred at a massratio of both 1:1 and 1:2. Furthermore, these prepared inclusion complexes were doped in poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers duringelectrospinning process for obtaining nanowebs. The formation of nanowebs were investigated with scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Besides, FTIR and TGA analysis were also carried out. Results showed that both inclusion complex preparation and inclusioncomplex added PVA nanowebs production were successful.
Tourmaline nanoparticles doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers
(Kauno Technologijos Universitetas, 2019) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Ağırgan, Ahmet Özgür; Yıldız, Aylin
The aim of this work is to produce tourmaline (TM) doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nano-composite fibers. TM-containing PVDF nanofibers were produced via a horizontally located electrospinning unit. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone were used as solvents. The amount of PVDF or PVDF/TM in the polymer solution was 20 wt.%. PVDF was dissolved in DMF in presence of heat by using a magnetic stirrer while TM powder was dispersed in Acetone in absence of heat by using an ultrasonic stirrer. These two solutions were then mixed for TM/PVDF nanocomposite fiber production. Pristine PVDF nanofibers were also electrospun as control samples. Produced nano-surfaces were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Voltage generation capacities were investigated by recording the voltage outputs of samples under an applied rotational impact. The peak voltage produced by the TM doped PVDF nanocomposite fibers was higher than the PVDF nanofibers. © 2019, Kauno Technologijos Universitetas. All rights reserved.

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