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    Biopolitics and Politics of Sport from the Ottoman to the Early Republican Era
    (Hacettepe Univ, 2023) Vatandas, Saniye; Vatandas, Celalettin
    The 20th century was a period in which biopolitics was in vogue. In the period between the two major World Wars, many European states turned to their citizens who had suffered the negative effects of the wars that had taken place, and endeavoured to repair the devastating effects of the recent war on their bodies and to prepare these bodies for possible wars. This also includes Turkey. Biopolitical practices in Turkey started with the Balkan Wars and reached a high level especially in the first years of the Republic. This was due to the fact that the demographic structure had lost its normality due to wars on many different fronts, mass migrations and epidemics in the first quarter of the century. The desire to restore the problematic demographic structure to its normal structure and function required the meticulous and intensive implementation of biopolitics. One of the areas where biopolicies, which have been put into practice from different fields, has been the field of sports and physical education. Sports and physical education were transformed from being a health orentertainment-centred activity into a mechanism for raising fit and civilian soldiers. In this study, the process of biopolitics, which was put into practice in the Ottoman period and continued in the Republican period, centred on sports and physical education will be analysed, and the biopolitical aims and tools that enabled the functioning of the process will be documented.
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    Population Politics and Family in Türkiye's Early Republican Era
    (Istanbul Univ, Fac Letters, Dept Sociology, 2024) Vatandas, Celalettin; Vatandas, Saniye
    The society that the Republic of T & uuml;rkiye inherited was a society whose demographic normality had been disrupted. This society formed the basis of all political, economic, and cultural change projects in the early Republican Era. During the first days of the Republic, the political, legal, economic, and cultural reforms that were believed would establish modern T & uuml;rkiye were implemented one after another, and special importance was given to population policy in accordance with the conditions of the day. Pronatalist and eugenic approaches constituted the characteristic feature of the population policy that had been put into practice without delay and whose details were created during the process. Hence, the endeavor was to construct a national family by encouraging marriage and having multiple children, with the prohibition of marriage for having few children even being mentioned during the process. In addition, special efforts were made to ensure that the current population would consist of healthy and physically strong individuals in accordance with the principle of a sound mind residing in a healthy body. By drawing on the written sources and documents of the period, this research aims to determine the characteristic features of the population policy carried out in the early Republican Era and the efforts and endeavors to construct the national family