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Öğe CALCULATION AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF VENTILATION COEFFICIENT DEPENDING ON LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSES IN BALIKESIR CITY CENTER(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) İlten, Nadir; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Selici, Ayşe TulayIn recent years, there has been much research on indoor air quality, owing to a growing interest in improvement of air quality in residential buildings. People spend most of their time indoors, where air quality is affected by many factors such as location and structure of housing, ventilation systems, and comfort parameters. CO2 and other indoor gas concentrations are important indicators of indoor air quality. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of various factors such as location and characteristics of housing and smoking status on carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and air exchange rates in 29 representative buildings in Balikesir, Turkey. CO2 concentrations were measured using a non-dispersive infrared method, air changes per hour (ACH) were estimated using a CO2 balance method, and other parameters were recorded. Mean CO2 concentrations were 667 and 1011 ppm in summer and winter, respectively. Estimated mean air exchange rates were 1.04 and 0.70 ACH in summer and winter, respectively. The analysis showed that CO2 concentrations and ACH were affected by the area of houses, season, ventilation systems and ventilation duration. CO2 concentrations in winter were higher in all buildings relative to summer in the residential area. Air exchange rates were primarily affected by duration of ventilation, house area, distances to main roads, and smoking status.Öğe Calculation and Temporal Variability of Ventilation Coefficient Depending on Location and Characteristics of Houses in Balikesir City Center(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Ilten, Nadir; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Selici, Ayse TulayIn recent years, there has been much research on indoor air quality, owing to a growing interest in improvement of air quality in residential buildings. People spend most of their time indoors, where air quality is affected by many factors such as location and structure of housing, ventilation systems, and comfort parameters. CO2 and other indoor gas concentrations are important indicators of indoor air quality. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of various factors such as location and characteristics of housing and smoking status on carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and air exchange rates in 29 representative buildings in Balikesir, Turkey. CO2 concentrations were measured using a non-dispersive infrared method, air changes per hour (ACH) were estimated using a CO2 balance method, and other parameters were recorded. Mean CO2 concentrations were 667 and 1011 ppm in summer and winter, respectively. Estimated mean air exchange rates were 1.04 and 0.70 ACH in summer and winter, respectively. The analysis showed that CO2 concentrations and ACH were affected by the area of houses, season, ventilation systems and ventilation duration. CO2 concentrations in winter were higher in all buildings relative to summer in the residential area. Air exchange rates were primarily affected by duration of ventilation, house area, distances to main roads, and smoking status.Öğe Characterising Seasonal Variations of Ambient Pm2.5 and Pm10 Mass Concentrations Based on Urban Area Monitoring Data in Balikesir, Turkey(Stef92 Technology Ltd, 2012) Tecer, Lokman HakanEpidemiological studies have shown a significant impact of fine particles below 10 mm (PM10) on human health. Due to the increasing interest for the fine particles (PM2.5) the measurement programme of the network has been extended to include PM2.5 measurements into the measurement programme at several countries. In this work, Characterising seasonal variations of mass concentration of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) during October 2009 to October 2010 has been investigated. A total of 337 samplers were collected during this study period using Anderson Dichotomous sampler. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 and PM10 was found as 31.07 mu g/m(3), 15.52 mu g/m(3) and 46.53 mu g/m(3) respectively. The concentration of PM2.5, and PM10 were higher in heating seasons than in summer time. As expected, the low temperature is associated with an increase in the number of episodic events. This is a result of the extensive use of fuel during winter-time for heating purposes and also due to stagnant air masses formed because of low temperature and low wind speed over the study area.Öğe Comparison and Seasonal Evaluation of the Rural and Urban Ambient Pm2.5 and Pm10 Mass Concentrations Based on Meteorological Parameters(Stef92 Technology Ltd, 2013) Tecer, Lokman HakanEpidemiological studies have shown a significant impact of fine particles below 10 w square m (PM10) on human health. Due to the increasing interest for the fine particles (PM2.5) the measurement program of the network has been extended to include PM2.5 measurements into the measurement program at several countries. It has well know that the effect of air pollution on health depends on pollutant concentrations and the type of exposure and city-wide health risk assessment. In this study, PM levels and their sources, fractions, temporal and spatial variations and relation with meteorological factors have been determined in both of urban and rural areas. PM samplers were collected during this study period using Anderson Dichotomous sampler. During October 2009-October 2010 the collected PM-fine, PM-coarse, and PM10 mass concentrations were 31.07, 15,52 and 46.53 mu g/m(3) for city atmosphere and 20.57, 14.34 and 34.92 mu g/m(3) in rural atmosphere, respectively. The concentration of PM2.5, and PM10 were higher in heating seasons than in summer time, in urban areas. Size fraction ratios of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, were estimated in both stations. In urban area, Seasonal variations in the rate of PM2,5/PM10 which is an expression of the relative contribution to total inhalable particles were analyzed and found that this ratio is higher during the winter season than summer season. But, in rural areas, the rate of PM fractions did not significantly change seasonally. As expected, the low PM concentrations are associated with rural atmospheric conditions. This is a probably result of due to nan-stagnant air masses formed because of low temperature and low wind speed over the rural areasÖğe Çorlu (Tekirdağ) Hava Kirliliğinden Etkileniyor mu?(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2018) Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Tağıl, Şermin; Fıçıcı, MerveBu çalışmada, Tekirdağ ilinin nüfus artış hızı en değişken olan ilçelerinden Çorlu’nun inorganik ve organik hava kirliliği haritaları çıkarılmıştır. Çalışmalar Ağustos 2015 ve Şubat 2016 aylarında yaz ve kış dönemlerinde 2 periyotta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kirleticilere ait konsantrasyonlar pasif örnekleme metodu kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Kirleticilerin mekânsal modellenmesinde ise Ters Ağırlıklı Ortalama (Inverse Distance Weighted-IDW) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca ilçe yarı kentsel, yerleşim, yol, sanayi bölgeleri olarak kategorize edilmiştir. Böylelikle, kirletici konsantrasyonlarının kent içi bölgesel farklılıkları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre; Çorlu ilçesinde yaz aylarında organik kirletici konsantrasyonlarının kirlilik haritalarında daha yüksek seviyelerde olduğu dikkat çekmiştir. SO2’nin her iki dönemde de kümelenmeler şeklinde gözlendiği NO2 ve O3’un ise dağılım gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. O3’un yarı kentsel bölgelerde, NO2’nin ise yol olarak kategorize edilen bölgelerde daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda olduğu görülmüştür.Öğe Design of a new cold atmospheric plasma reactor based on dielelectric barrier discharge for the treatment and recovery of textile dyeing wastewater: Profoks/CAP reactor(Wiley Blackwell, 2021) Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Gündüz, Ali MutluProtection of water resources, treatment and recovery of wastewater have become the most important environmental policy all over the world. The efforts to develop water recovery and treatment technologies and new approaches are increasingly continued. Although the activation potential of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) has been studied, it has not been brought to an economically and technologically widespread level in water recovery and treatment. In this chapter, a newly developed Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) system called Profoks, which can realize organic matter mineralization in wastewater and flue gas environments by producing "ROS" in situ, is introduced. The Profoks/CAP System includes specific system designs depending on the contaminant and industrial process characteristics. With the Profoks/CAP reactor, the recovery of the textile wastewater and its reuse in processes by performing water recycling have been achieved. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be reduced by 94.76% after treatment. 92.35% efficiency in removing of the suspended solids was obtained. The amount of color and total nitrogen were removed at 99.92% (up to 1.5 Pt-Co) and 96.4% efficiency, respectively. The conductivity was reduced to 51.6 Us/cm. Most importantly, ROS production in desired amounts and continuity has been achieved with Profoks CAP. ©2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.Öğe Effects of air pollution on respiratory system disease admission and health budget(Wiley, 2018) Ünver, E.; Altın, S.; Bolat, E.; Çoban, A.; Aktaş, M.; Fıçıcı, Merve; Tecer, Lokman Hakan[No Abstract Available]Öğe Environmental awareness level of secondary school students: A case study in Balikesir (Turkiye)(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Altin, Ahmet; Tecer, Selcen; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Altin, Süreyya; Kahraman, Bekir FatihIn this study, secondary school students' awareness of environmental issues and problems and the level of their active participation in environmental activities have been identified, and the effects of some factors as family school and media on their environmental awareness and active participation have been investigated. The study was carried out in Balikesir city centre by conducting a survey on senior students consisting of 6 classes from three secondary schools which have different demographic and socio-economic levels. The results of the study showed a high level of environmental awareness among participant students. However, it is understood that environmental disclosures made in schools are insufficient and the participation level of students to environmental activities is low. Students rather gain experiences in the field of environment from mass media (i.e. audio, printed and visual media). It is revealed that female students have a higher level of environmental awareness and active participation level. In addition, when family income and family education level increases, environmental awareness and active participation level of students also increases. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Öğe Existence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on ambient particulate matter samples: A nationwide study in Turkey(Elsevier, 2021) Kayalar, Özgecan; Ari, Akif; Babuccu, Gizem; Konyalilar, Nur; Doğan, Özlem; Can, Fusun; Bayram, Hasan; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Fıçıcı, MerveCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. The disease led to significant mortality and morbidity in Turkey, since the first case was reported on March 11th, 2020. Studies suggest a positive association between air pollution and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ambient particulate matters (PM), as potential carriers for SARS-CoV-2. Ambient PM samples in various size ranges were collected from 13 sites including urban and urban-background locations and hospital gardens in 10 cities across Turkey between 13th of May and 14th of June 2020 to investigate the possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on ambient PM. A total of 203 daily samples (TSP, n = 80; PM2.5, n = 33; PM2.5-10, n = 23: PM10 mu m, n = 19; and 6 size segregated PM, n = 48) were collected using various samplers. The N1 gene and RdRP gene expressions were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, as suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to real time (RT)-PCR and three-dimensional (3D) digital (d) PCR analysis, dual RdRP and NI gene positivity were detected in 20 (9.8%) samples. Ambient PM-bound SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed quantitatively and the air concentrations of the virus ranged from 0.1 copies/m(3) to 23 copies/m(3). The highest percentages of virus detection on PM samples were from hospital gardens in Tekirdag, Zonguldak, and Istanbul, especially in PM2.5 mode. Findings of this study have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be transported by ambient partides, especially at sites close to the infection hot-spots. However. whether this has an impact on the spread of the virus infection remains to be determined. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Fine and coarse particulate matter, trace element content, and associated health risks considering respiratory deposition for Ergene Basin, Thrace(Elsevier, 2021) Can-Terzi, Begum; Ficici, Merve; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Sofuoglu, Sait C.Ergene Basin is located in Thrace, Turkey, where industries are densely populated. This study aimed to determine exposure of people living in Ergene Basin (Corlu and Cerkezkoy) to fine and coarse PM, and its potentially toxic element (PTE) content by considering variation in respiratory airway deposition rates with daily activities and PM particle size by employing deposition models of International Commission on Radiological Protection and Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry. Fine and coarse PM samples were collected daily for a year at points in Corlu and Cerkezkoy representing urban and industrial settings, respectively. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the study area to obtain time-activity budgets, and associated variation was included in the health risk assessment by considering time-activity-dependent inhalation rates. The studied PTEs were Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Se. The mean fine and coarse PM concentrations were measured as 23 and 14 mu g/m(3) in Corlu, and 22 and 12 mu g/m(3) in Cerkezkoy, respectively. The only PTE that exceeded acceptable risk in terms of total carcinogenic risk was Cr. Non-carcinogenic risks of all the PTEs including Cr were below the threshold. The use of deposition fractions in the health risk assessment (HRA) calculations was found to prevent overestimation of health risks by at least 91% and 87% for fine and coarse PM, respectively, compared to the regular HRA. Minor differences in risk between Corlu and Cerkezkoy suggest that urban pollution sources could be at least as influential on human health as industrial sources. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Impact of Urbanization on Local Air Quality: Differences in Urban and Rural Areas of Balikesir, Turkey(Wiley, 2014) Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Tağıl, ŞerminOzone (O-3) is a secondary pollutant which is produced photo-chemically by reactions involving NOx and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-, p-xylenes (BTEX) in the presence of sunlight. The present study determined outdoor air quality in both the urban area of Balikesir City and rural area (around Ikizcetepeler Dam) in the same region in the western part of Turkey. The main objectives of this study were to analyze the temporal evolution and qualify the spatial distribution by using geostatistical techniques; to determine the spatial variability of air pollutants using the spatial auto-correlation statistic; and to identify the local spatial patterns of the pollutants in order to highlight the areas of potential risk of O-3, NO2, and BTEX pollution and its possible causes. For this purpose firstly, the data were compiled by using passive sampling in winter and in summer. Concentrations of O-3 ranged from 14.03 to 42.43g/m(3) in winter and from 81.79 to 70.39g/m(3) in summer in urban area. The mean NO2 and BTEX concentrations varied between sites, while mean winter concentrations were higher than the mean in summer. During winter seasons, the motorway, residential areas, urban traffic, and industrial sites showed high BTEX levels compared to the suburban and rural sites. This paper investigates the spatial mapping of temporal trends in air quality for both urban and rural areas for annual, summer and winter means. The global Moran's I result demonstrated that O-3, NO2, and BTEX had significant positive global spatial correlations. In addition, the results of local spatial auto-correlation analysis showed the locations of significant high-high spatial clusters and low-low spatial outliers.Öğe Influence of ratio of silicon complex and coagulant on silicon dioxide physicochemical characteristics(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Kamenskyh, D.; Tkachenko, T.; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Sheludko, Y.; Povazhny, V.; Jafarov, M.; Yevdokymenko, V.It is known that the physicochemical characteristics of amorphous SiO2 are influenced by the raw material, process temperature, pH of the reaction medium, the ratio of reagents, the addition of coagulant, and modes of washing and drying. Previously, a waste-free technology for the production of biogenic silicon dioxide was described. However, there was a question of the ability to control the grain size of the final product. Therefore, the aim of our work was to study the effect of the ratio of mass concentrations of silicon-containing solution and coagulant (5:100; 5:500; 5:1000) on the physicochemical properties of the final product. The obtained samples of silicon dioxide were studied by various physicochemical methods. XRD pattern of the obtained silica showed that the 2-theta region between 5° and 80° at long collection times indicates no crystalline peaks. The FT-IR spectrum of the whole silica samples shows typical functional groups corresponding to pure silicon dioxide at 1074, 982, 800, and 457 cm?1. There are two distinct mass loss steps in thermograms (TGA). It was established that obtained samples had a specific surface area of 86.8, 318.3, and 310.2 m2/g and pore size of 3.3, 13.8, and 9.2 nm depending on coagulant concentration (100, 500, and 1000), respectively. The atomic force microscope method established that the 3D image clearly shows the pointed vertices of SiO2 tetrahedral for the whole gels and some powders depending on the ratio of silicon-containing solution and coagulant (5:100; 5:500; 5:1000). © 2023, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology.Öğe Inhalation and dermal exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated carcinogenic risks in a relatively small city(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2014) Gungormus, Elif; Tuncel, Semra; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Sofuoglu, Sait C.The aim of this study was to conduct a carcinogenic risk assessment for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via routes of inhalation and dermal contact. Concentrations of 19 PAM species were determined during a heating period at a site in the city of Balikesir, Turkey. Two questionnaires were administered to a sample of inhabitants to determine time-activity budgets and demographic information. The assessment was conducted for each participant and Balikesir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to determine the population exposure-risk probability distributions. The estimates were based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) total PAM concentrations calculated using toxic equivalency factors. The mean and median BaPeq concentrations of gaseous and particulate phases were 3.25 and 134, and 38.5 and 34.0 ng/m(3), respectively. Carcinogenic risk for inhalation exposure route was estimated by using two different slope factor values (3.9 and 304.5 (mg/kg-day)(-1)), recommended by two different organizations, resulting in two (order(s) of magnitude apart) population risk ranges: 1.32 x 10(-7)-2.23 x 10(-4), and 1.61 x 10(-5)-7.95 x 10(-3), respectively. The population risks associated with dermal exposure were lower compared to those of inhalation, ranging from 6.58 x 10(-9) to 2.57 x 10(-6). The proportion of the population with risks higher than the general acceptable level (1.0 x 10(-6)) was estimated as > 99 percent, for inhalation, and as 28 percent for dermal exposure route. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study(Yildiz Technical University, 2023) Özkal, Can Burak; Tecer, Lokman HakanAir pollution in urban areas increases as a result of emitted air from different sources within the mixing layer of troposphere. Odor pollution is amongst the primary reasons behind environmental nuisance and occurrence of citizen complaints. Frequent exposure to odorous compounds and/or odor nuisance are increasingly associated with air pollution problems. Besides, there is no universally accepted environmental odor management method reported so far. Level of air pollutants emission, distance of emission sources to residential areas, topography, geographical and meteorological conditions have influence on imposed level of air pollution and odor pollution in cities. This study is built on the citizen odor complaint data (based on frequency, intensity, duration, odor tone and location (namely the FIDOL factors) collected in Corlu/Tekirdag through the GIS integrated public participated platform, namely the Corlu KODER mobile application. The annual odor complaint data was briefly introduced and given an evaluation with the mobile app users demographic information. The obtained data between August 28-November 2 of 2021, was subjected to interpretative evaluation and statistical analysis with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylene benzene and xylen) concentrations, inorganic air pollution concentrations and meteorological factors. In light of the obtained results, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and toluene concentration were found to play a significant role on the number of citizen odor complaints. The EU reported limit value, lower rating threshold and upper rating threshold for BTEX pollutants have been exceeded several times. The average Toluene/benzene ratios obtained during the study show that; non-Traffic sources contribute significantly to VOC emissions. Air pollutants transportation mechanism from neighbouring OIZ settlements become a prominent justification and support the hypothesis that residential areas of Corlu are under the effect of industrial air pollution and odor pollution constituents. There is low level of negative correlation between the benzene measured in Corlu and WS (r=-0.63). Below 2.4 m/s, the average number of odor complaints (ANOC) tend to increase, while above this level odor complaints are diminished). The ANOC remained around 4 for [C]BTEX total < 4 ug/m3 and reached to 18 for [C]BTEXtotal > 8 ug/m3. Above [C]Toluen=3 ug/m3 conditions, Daily ANOC increase from 7 to 19. Over [C]Toluen= 4 ug/m3 conditions, it reached up to 23. Increses in the number of daily ANOC by temperature is distinct over 21 C0 and reaches to 35. The GIS integrated citizen complaint collection platforms are critical for real-Time data collection of environmental complaints with high spatiotemporal accuracy. Citizen odor complaint surveys are useful monitoring tools and obtained data sets can be used to identify sensitive areas where and when specific actions should be taken and air pollutants measuement studies be performed. © Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license.Öğe Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on Particulate Matters: A multicentre study in Turkey(European Respiratory Soc Journals Ltd, 2021) Konyalilar, Nur; Kayalar, Özgecan; Ari, Akif; Babaccu, Gizem; Doğan, Özlem; Can, Fusun; Bayram, Hasan; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Fıçıcı, Merve[No Abstract Available]Öğe Investigation of the Treatment of Textile Wastewater with Cold Atmospheric Plasma Reactor (Profoks) and Reuse of Recycled Water in Reactive Dyeing Process of Cotton(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Gündüz, Ali; Atav, Rıza; Soysal, Selma; Yıldız, FatmaIn this study, Profoks reactor (Cold Atmospheric Plasma reactor based on Dielelectric Barrier Discharge) was used for the treatment of textile wastewater and then the usability of the recycled water in the reactive dyeing process was investigated. After processing of 30 L textile wastewater with Profoks system under laboratory conditions, 99% efficiency was obtained in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) parameters. In the wastewater sample, the treated water color amount was reduced to less than 1.5 units in Pt-Co and the conductivity value was reduced to 7790 Us/cm. In dyeing of 100% cotton Ne 30/1 single jersey (190 g/m(2)) fabric with reactive dyes having azo chromophore group under laboratory conditions, the dyeings made with recovery water with Profoks system were similar to those dyed with osmosis water in terms of color, levelness and fastness performance.Öğe Metallic composition and source apportionment of fine and coarse particles using positive matrix factorization in the southern Black Sea atmosphere(Elsevier Science Inc, 2012) Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Tuncel, Gürdal; Karaca, Ferhat; Alagha, Omar; Süren, Pınar; Zararsız, Abdullah; Kırmaz, RıdvanIn this study, coarse- (PM2.5-10) and fine (PM2.5) fraction aerosol samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler, and their metallic composition (Mg, Al, Ti, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence. The average crustal enrichment factor (EFc) values of Pb, Cu, SO42-. and Zn are greater than 10 for both coarse- and fine-fraction aerosols, which indicates that anthropogenic sources account for the concentrations of these four elements in both the fractions. In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for the source apportionment of PM2.5 mass in the Zonguldak atmosphere. A total of six factors were identified, which can be interpreted as either emission sources or physically meaningful factors. The goodness of the six-factor solution for the PMF model was tested by comparing the measured and the modeled PM2.5 masses. An excellent agreement was found between the measured and the modeled fine masses, which indicates that the six-factor-PMF solution adopted in this study accurately accounts for the observed PM2.5 mass in the city of Zonguldak, the city is located at the middle of the Black Sea coasts of Turkey. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Potential sources and measured concentrations of VOCs in Balikesir ambient atmosphere(Centro Ciencias Atmosfera Unam, 2020) Yalçın, Efdal; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Yurdakul, Sema; Tuncel, GürdalThe assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become an important field of interest in atmospheric pollution. This study quantifies and characterizes the ambient levels and spatial distribution of VOCs in urban and rural areas of Balikesir city, Turkey. For these assessments, passive sampling of VOCs performed at approximately 50 locations in and around the city of Balikesir. Twenty-five VOCs were regularly monitored and analyzed with the GC-FID system. The sampling periods were carried out for seven-day periods during March and August 2010. In the study, mean Sigma VOC concentrations were found to be as high 67 and 51 mu g m(-3) for the winter and summer seasons, respectively. Median concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene were 2.6, 11, 1.30, 1.80 and 0.73 mu g m(-3), respectively. Although there were some changes between concentrations of VOC groups between the summer and winter campaigns, differences were not dramatic. Winter-to-summer ratios of the target compounds ranged from 0.2 (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) to 9 (hexane). Most of the target compounds have higher concentrations in winter. Only few VOCs, including n-propylbenzene, 1,2,4- trimethylbenzene, 1-undecene and 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene have higher concentrations in summer. Spatial distribution of VOCs demonstrated that the roads are hot spots for measured VOC concentrations. The drinking water treatment plant, industrial solvent emissions from pesticide and insecticide applications in agriculture, and emissions from traffic were the sources that contribute to total VOC load in the Balikesir atmosphere.Öğe Presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA on Particulate Matters: A Multi Central Study in Turkey(Amer Thoracic Soc, 2021) Bayram, Hasan; Kayalar, Özgecan; Ari, A.; Babuccu, G.; Konyalilar, Nur; Doan, O.; Ahin, U.; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Fıçıcı, Merve[No Abstract Available]Öğe Spatial and Temporal Variations of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone Concentrations Assesment Using A Gis Based Geostatistical Approach in Balikesir, Turkey(Stef92 Technology Ltd, 2012) Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Tağıl, ŞerminUrban air pollution are sourced manily from traffic, industry, and heating systems. Rapidly increasing population, unplanned urbanization and industrialization are the main contributors to urban air pollution in many countries. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O-3) are the main pollutants that are formed from traffic, combustion related activities and photochemical smog processess. These pollutants have capable of causing adverse effects on human health and environment. Since NO2 is a typically traffic related pollutant emissions are generally highest in urban atmosphere rather than rural areas. Ground-level and tropospheric ozone is one of the most harmful air pollutants causing health problems, premature deaths, reduced agricultural crop yields, changes in ecosystem species composition and damage to physical infrastructure and cultural. In this study, we have used a combination of passive sampling and GIS techniques to characterise the intra-urban scale and rural temporal-spatial distribution of air quality based on NO2 and O-3 concentrations. The aim of this study is of locate sample points, characterize distribution patterns, perform the probability map, and map distributions of NO2 and O-3, by means of spatial information sciences providing useful information for decision-makers. Firstly, the data were compiled from 48 sampling sites by using passive sampling on10-17 March 2010 in winter and on 13-20 August 2010 in summer. Later, estimated pollutants levels at un-sampled locations were carried out with the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method. Finally, location exceed the Turkish Air Quality Standard critical threshold value were determined in the Balikesir city area by use of geostatistical algorithms (Indicator kriging). The results of the passive sampling study show that the winter and summer average concentrations are 28.85 mu g/m(3) and 111.26 mu g/m(3) for O3; 22.65 and 13.56 mu g/m(3) for NO2 respectively. It is expected that where industrial activity is not excessively important, traffic and domestic heating system are the main source of NO2 and O-3 precursors. Moreover, results show that there are multiple hotspots for NO2 concentration and they are strongly correlated to the locations of traffic and domestic heating system in the Balikesir city area, using Indicator kriging (IK). Clearly close to roads, the major source of pollutants such as NO2, the concentrations of pollutants will be highest. In addition to emissions, meteorology plays a strong role in both the general and in the local meteorological environments. O-3 concentrations are higher in summer than in winter season, given the same traffic volume, due to the local meteorological parameters such as solar radiation, wind circulation. It was demonstrated that geostatistical tools are quite appropriate techniques for air quality management in a polluted city area like Balikesir.
