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    Effect of Addition of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Piezoelectric Properties of Polypropylene Filaments
    (Amer Scientific Publishers, 2015) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Hadimani, R. L.; Shah, Tahir H.; Siores, Elias
    The effect of addition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the piezoelectric properties of polypropylene (PP) monofilaments has been investigated. Various amounts of CNTs (0%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% weight ratios) were melt-blended with PP and the resulting nanocomposites were extruded in a continuous process with simultaneous on-line poling to produce monofilaments. Concurrent stretching at a draw ratio of 5:1 and polarisation at applied electric fields of 15 kV of PP/CNT filaments was observed to enhance the piezoelectric properties. The microstructure and crystallinity of the filaments was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Voltage generation by the CNT-modified PP filaments was determined by the application of predetermined load impact. The results show that the incorporation of CNTs in the PP fibre structure has a considerable impact on the enhancement of piezoelectric properties of the PP filament obtained that the peak voltage generation was almost four fold (from 0.76 V to 2.92 V) when 0.1 wt% of CNTs added into the polymer. This is owing to the fact that carbon nanotubes act as nucleating agent for enhancing the crystallisation during the melt extrusion process.
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    Energy Harvesting Smart Textiles
    (Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Shah, Tahir H.; Siores, Elias; Matsouka, Dimitroula; Vassiliadis, Savvas
    The ever-increasing population of the world is putting a significant demand on the need for multifunctional electronic devices and electricity to power them. This growing demand has led to an enhanced focus on the development of energy harvesting techniques based on renewable and ambient sources. Although materials having unique properties such as photovoltaic, piezoelectric and triboelectric have been known for a long time and have been utilized usually in the form of thin-film structures, their utilization in the form of textile structures for energy harvesting is a relatively new area of research. This chapter will focus on the recent advances in the area of photovoltaic, piezoelectric and triboelectric energy-generating textile structures and the fundamentals of these unique properties, production methods and textile-based energy storage. Finally, expected future trends in the fabrication and application of textile-based energy harvesting and storage will be discussed.
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    Evaluating the fabric performance and antibacterial properties of 3-D piezoelectric spacer fabric
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Dubey, Amrita; Upadhyay, Ravi Kant; Priyadarshini, Richa; Roy, Susanta Sinha; Anand, Subhash C.
    The increasing need of on-demand power for enabling portable low-power devices and sensors has necessitated work in novel energy harvesting materials and devices. In a recent work, we demonstrated the production and suitability of three-dimensional (3-D) spacer all fibre piezoelectric textiles for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy for wearable and technical applications. The current work investigates the textile performance properties of these 3-D piezoelectric fabrics including porosity, air permeability, water vapour transmission and bursting strength. Furthermore, as these textiles are intended for wearable applications, we have assessed their wear abrasion and consequently provide surface resistance measurements which can affect the lifetime and efficiency of charge collection in the piezoelectric textile structures. The results show that the novel smart fabric with a measured porosity of 68% had good air (1855l/m(2)/s) and water vapour permeability (1.34g/m(2)/day) values, good wear abrasion resistance over 60,000 rotations applied by a load of 12kPa and bursting strength higher than 2400kPa. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of 3-D piezoelectric fabrics revealed that owing to the use of Ag/PA66 yarns, the textiles exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against not only Gram-negative bacteria E. coli but they are also capable of killing antibiotic methicillin-resistant bacteria S. aureus.
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    Investigation of the durability and stability of piezoelectric textile fibres
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2017) Matsouka, Dimitroula; Vassiliadis, Savvas; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Siores, Elias
    Polymers such as polyvinylidene difluoride, polypropylene and polyamide-11 show great promise for providing lightweight, flexible and fibrous piezoelectric materials that can be integrated into technical textile fabric structures for energy harvesting applications. Durability is an important parameter for the textiles and especially for functional and smart materials. This research work provides an insight on the piezoelectric behaviour of polypropylene, polyamide-11 and polyvinylidene difluoride in terms of peak-to-peak voltage generation capabilities after washing at 40 degrees C with the addition of detergent as described in test method BS EN ISO 105-C06: 2010. It was observed that the peak-to-peak voltage generated by polypropylene monofilaments retained similar values with only slight differences, while the monofilaments of polyvinylidene difluoride and polyamide-11 showed higher peak-to-peak voltage generation after washing. These changes have been explained using the changes in the crystallinity and phase, as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis.
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    Novel 3-D spacer all fibre piezoelectric textiles for energy harvesting applications
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2014) Soin, Navneet; Shah, Tahir H.; Anand, Subhash C.; Geng, Junfeng; Pornwannachai, Wiwat; Mandal, Pranab; Siores, Elias; Bayramol, Derman Vatansever
    The piezoelectric effect in poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, was discovered over four decades ago and since then, significant work has been carried out aiming at the production of high beta-phase fibres and their integration into fabric structures for energy harvesting. However, little work has been done in the area of production of true piezoelectric fabric structures based on flexible polymeric materials such as PVDF. In this work, we demonstrate 3D spacer technology based all-fibre piezoelectric fabrics as power generators and energy harvesters. The knitted single-structure piezoelectric generator consists of high beta-phase (similar to 80%) piezoelectric PVDF monofilaments as the spacer yarn interconnected between silver (Ag) coated polyamide multifilament yarn layers acting as the top and bottom electrodes. The novel and unique textile structure provides an output power density in the range of 1.10-5.10 mW cm(-2) at applied impact pressures in the range of 0.02-0.10 MPa, thus providing significantly higher power outputs and efficiencies over the existing 2D woven and nonwoven piezoelectric structures. The high energy efficiency, mechanical durability and comfort of the soft, flexible and all-fibre based power generator are highly attractive for a variety of potential applications such as wearable electronic systems and energy harvesters charged from the ambient environment or by human movement.
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    On the Measurement of the Electrical Power Produced by Melt Spun Piezoelectric Textile Fibres
    (Springer, 2016) Matsouka, Dimitroula; Vassiliadis, Savvas; Prekas, Kleanthis; Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Soin, Navneet; Siores, Elias
    Piezoelectric, melt spun, textile fibres as multifunctional materials appeared recently, and they are under thorough investigation and testing in order to define their performance and behaviour. Although piezoelectricity was first reported in 1880 and the piezoelectric behaviour of organic polymers materials has been known since 1969, the fibrous form of the piezoelectric materials under consideration opens new technological horizons; however, it introduces novel restrictions and further complex parameters are involved in their study. The major issue of the current research work is the study of the actual capacity of the piezoelectric fibres, i.e. the electric power produced following mechanical stimulation of the individual fibre. The measurements were made possible after the development of the necessary specific equipment. The test results enabled the ranking of the various types of the piezoelectric fibres according to the respective power generation. The main difference in this research approach is the measurement of the power generated by the fibres. Measurement of the power generated by an electrical power source ( in the case of energy harvesting applications which is the prime interest of this research project) is an important characteristic as the requirements of various applications are expressed in units of power. Stating the voltage produced during mechanical deformation of the fibres is not enough (cf. voltage produced due to electrostatic phenomena on textiles where the voltage is in the range is the several kV, but the power is not enough to power a light-emitting diode).
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    Preparation and characterization of PVDF-based nanocomposites
    (wiley, 2014) Vatansever Bayramol, Derman; Shah, Tahir H.; Soin, Navneet; Siores, Elias
    Energy is of great importance in our lives. There might have been a time when people lived without it, but now, after we all got used to having it, it is almost impossible to survive without the energy. However, the energy demand is increasing every day as the energy resources are decreasing so that we are likely to face an energy shortage. Researchers are well aware of the importance of energy; therefore, a significant number of studies are being carried out from different disciplines some of which involves using polymers and polymer blends. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF is the most widely used and studied polymer; yet, it is the first polymer discovered exhibiting piezoelectric property. This chapter reviews the synthesis and piezoelectric properties of PVDF; preparation and characterization of PVDF-based nanocomposites (polymer/polymer blends, polymer/nanoparticle blends, and ternary blends) and focuses specifically on preparation and characterization of PVDF-based nanocomposites for energy harvesting applications. © 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.