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    Bioactive and bioaccessibility characteristics of honeybee pollens collected from different regions of Turkey
    (Springer, 2018) Özkan, Kübra; Sağcan, Nihan; Özülkü, Görkem; Sağdıç, Osman; Toker, Ömer Said; Muz, Mustafa Necati
    Pollens used by honey bees as a primary protein source has been attracted attention due to their positive health effects. The geographical and botanical origin of honeybee pollens affect their nutritional value as well as bioactive and bioaccessibility properties. This study investigated the bioactive and bioaccessibility properties (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) of some honeybee pollens collected from different seaside regions of Turkey. Results indicated that total phenolic content, total flavonoid and total antioxidant (DPPH and CUPRAC) were between 3.9 and 9.2 mg GAE/g, 1.2-1.9 mg CAE/g sample, 1.7-17.6 mg TEAC/g and 0.68-3.04 mg TEAC/g, respectively. As for the bioaccessible fraction (IN) of collected pollens was 0.24-0.37 mg GAE/g for total phenolic, 0.01-0.08 TEAC/g for total flavonoid, 0.01-0.38 mg TEAC/g for DPPH and 0.01-0.4 mg TEAC/g for CUPRAC. Maximum recovery (%) was obtained for the sample collected from Canakkale city of Turkey for total phenolics (7.3%), total flavonoids (5.9%) and DPPH (6.6%). The results of the present study showed that bee pollen can be used as a resource of bioactive compounds in the daily diet due to the bioaccessibility properties and be added to formulation of the different food products to improve functionality.
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    Optimizing the extraction parameters of epigallocatechin gallate using conventional hot water and ultrasound assisted methods from green tea
    (Inst Chemical Engineers, 2018) Ayyildiz, Sena Saklar; Karadeniz, Bülent; Sağcan, Nihan; Bahar, Banu; Us, Ahmet Abdullah; Alasalvar, Cesarettin
    Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main polyphenol present in green tea and is also known to possess various beneficial health effects. Extractions of EGCG, epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC) from green tea were investigated by both conventional hot water extraction and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) with water and ethanol. Response Surface Methodology was used in order to optimize the extraction conditions for obtaining maximum amount of EGCG in the extracts. Pilot scale conventional hot water extraction and UAE with water in continuous flow mode were also conducted for industrial use. UAE with ethanol was significantly (p <0.05) efficient to extract more EGCG, EGC, ECG, and EC than conventional hot water extraction and UAE with water. At optimum conditions, almost 100 and 50% more EGCG content was obtained in UAE with ethanol than conventional hot water extraction and UAE with water, respectively. The optimal conditions for UAE of EGCG with ethanol were 66.53 degrees C, 43.75 min and, 67.81% ethanol. Conventional hot water extraction can easily be scaled up to a pilot scale and can be used for green tea beverage production. UAE should also be scaled up to a pilot scale by an efficient design either using an ultrasound probe in a larger volume continuously or ultrasound probes on each side of the extractor tank with an agitation system. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.