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Öğe A preliminary study on the use of phycocyanin as a natural blue color source in toffee-type soft candy: Effect of storage temperature and pigment concentration(Wiley, 2024) Gunes, Recep; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Kurultay, SefikIn this study, phycocyanin obtained from Spirulina platensis extract was used at various concentrations as a natural blue color source in toffee-type soft candy, and the effect of various storage temperatures (4, 20, and 40 degrees C) on the color stability was investigated. In addition, main quality parameters, such as water activity, texture, and sensory analysis, were determined in the samples stored for 3 months at 20 degrees C, and thus the effect of phycocyanin addition on the product appeal was studied. According to the results, the addition of phycocyanin powder did not significantly affect water activity (p > .05). As expected, L*, a*, and b* values of the samples changed with the phycocyanin, and the Delta E values of the samples stored at 4, 20, and 40 degrees C varied between 0.14-0.44, 0.84-2.76, and 2.63-7.90, respectively, during the entire storage period. The texture analysis outputs revealed that the use of phycocyanin did not cause any change in the textural properties of the samples (p > .05). Considering the sensory analysis, all studied concentrations scored high in terms of color liking, and the use of phycocyanin in toffee-type soft candy production resulted in a remarkable consumer appeal. Hence, the outcomes of this study show that if temperature control is performed in the production, the organoleptic properties of toffee-type candy products can be enhanced using phycocyanin and can meet consumer requests and demands.Öğe Application of crystallization in the sugar industry(Elsevier, 2024) Karimidatsjerd, Atefeh; Zahedinia, Sayna; Konar, Nevzat; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, IbrahimIn the realm of food science, sugars are pivotal for many food products, contributing not only to sweetness but also to specific textural qualities, macro- and micro-structure, flow and thermal behaviors, moisture affinity, etc. Sugar crystallization, an important process in sugar production, involves different steps such as supersaturation, nucleation, crystal growth, and transformation. This process is influenced by various factors, including temperature, supersaturation levels, impurities, and additives, all impacting the final crystal size, shape, and purity. In this chapter, the thermodynamics and kinetics of sugar crystallization, highlighting the importance of controlling parameters like cooling rates and seed crystal introduction, are discussed. Different measurement techniques for crystal size distribution, color, and moisture content are explored, emphasizing their role in quality control and process optimization. The impact of factors on sugar color and physical structure, taste, and storage stability of sugar is also discussed. Finally, the chapter explains future trends in sugar crystallization, including intelligent control systems, predictive modeling, and improved separation technologies, highlighting the continuous pursuit of enhanced efficiency, quality, and sustainability in sugar production. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.Öğe Chocolate microstructure: A comprehensive review(Elsevier, 2024) Konar, Nevzat; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Karimidastjerd, Atefeh; Toker, Omer SaidChocolate is a food with complex microstructure properties. In this study, chocolate surface and internal microstructures are discussed considering final product quality and stability. In addition, the effects of the solids and continuous phase components and the interactions between them, and also process effects on the microstructure were reviewed. Irregularities in the internal microstructure affect the surface and cause problems such as unstable cocoa butter crystals, a whitish, streaky appearance, chewy especially fat bloom in this layer and in general, a low quality and sensory in final product. Optimization of the particle size and cooling conditions of the solids is required to modify the surface topography for roughness and pores morphology. Reducing surface porosity can increase fat bloom resistance. For this purpose, reducing surface hydrophobicity by considering proteins with di-sulfide bonds and their concentrations and the use of different bulk sweeteners should be taken into consideration. The morphology of the surface microstructure may be used for product characterization as well as to investigate the environmental conditions exposed during processing and storage. It should be noted that chocolate has a three-phase microstructural system, considering the air present in the gaps at the interface. The importance of the third phase for continuous phase mobility is critical. Additionally, this phase affects behavior in the oral cavity due to melting and release of volatile components.Öğe Cocoa polyphenols and milk proteins: covalent and non-covalent interactions, chocolate process and effects on potential polyphenol bioaccesibility(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Dalabasmaz, Sevim; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Konar, NevzatIn this study, we discussed covalent and non-covalent reactions between cocoa polyphenols and proteins (milk and cocoa) and the possible effects of these reactions on their bioaccessibility, considering environmental and processing conditions. Better insight into these interactions is crucial for understanding the biological effects of polyphenols, developing nutritional strategies, and improving food processing and storage. Protein-polyphenol reactions affect the properties of the final product and can lead to the formation of various precursors at various stages in the manufacturing process, such as fermentation, roasting, alkalization, and conching. Due to the complex composition of the chocolate and the various technological processes, comprehensive food profiling strategies should be applied to analyze protein-polyphenol covalent reactions covering a wide range of potential reaction products. This will help to identify potential effects on the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds such as low-molecular-weight peptides and polyphenols. To achieve this, databases of potential reaction products and their binding sites can be generated, and the effects of various process conditions on related parameters can be investigated. This would then allow to a deeper insight into mechanisms behind protein-polyphenol interactions in chocolate, and develop strategies to optimize chocolate production for improved nutritional and sensory properties.Öğe Determination of Optimum Alkali Reagent for Cocoa Powder Alkalization: Effects on Physico-chemical, Functional and Technological Characteristics(Springer, 2025) Demirci, Sultan; Elmaci, Ceren; Atalar, Ilyas; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Konar, NevzatIn this study, alkalized cocoa powders were obtained by optimization study with the Mixture Design, which included the use of the main alkali salts (NaOH, KOH and K2CO3). The effects of the alkali salt(s) used on the antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods), total phenolic compounds, particle size distribution, physicochemical (pH, moisture content, water activity, total ash amount, color) and volatile component profiles of samples were investigated. Significant models with high R-2 values (0.8297-0.9983) were determined for all main alkalization indicators (a*/b*, pH, and TrMP/TMP), color characteristics, Sauter mean (D3:2), bulk and tapped density (p < 0.05). It has been determined that classification based only on pH and color properties in alkalization may cause disadvantages in terms of polyphenol content and aroma profile, which are among the main motivation factors for consumption of cocoa-based products. In addition, the effects of alkalis on stability and technological properties should also be taken into consideration for this process.Öğe Determination of the process effect on cocoa butter crystallization by rheometer: Kinetic modeling by Gompertz equation(Wiley, 2024) Boluk, Esra; Akdeniz, Esra; Gunes, Recep; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Konar, Nevzat; Toker, Omer SaidIn this study, the effects of temperature (22, 24, 26, 28, and 30 degrees C) and strain (0.1%, 1%, and 5%) on cocoa butter (CB) crystallization were investigated by oscillatory test, and the four-parameter Gompertz model was used to interpret the effect of parameters on pre-crystallization, nucleation, and crystal growth stages of CB. Lag time and growth rate were calculated using the Gompertz model using time-dependent storage modulus (G ') data. According to the results, CB crystallization at 26 degrees C with a 1% strain value had the highest growth rate value, the shortest lag time, and the formation of beta(v) polymorph type. Followingly, polymorphic types of the CB crystals were determined based on the melting points of polymorphs via the temperature ramp step, and the results obtained were correlated with a polarized light microscope. In conclusion, using a rheometer in both the observation of the pre-crystallization process and the determination of polymorph types is very important for research and development studies in the chocolate industry for process and formulation optimization.Öğe Developing a novel toffee-type soft candy process by sonocrystallization: A preliminary study(Elsevier, 2024) Kopuk, Berkay; Gunes, Recep; Polat, Derya Genc; Tasan, Murat; Kurultay, Sefik; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Toker, Omer SaidThis study aimed to evaluate the applicability of sonocrystallization, an innovative process, as a low-cost and time-efficient alternative for the crystallization of confectionery dough, which is a crucial step in the production of conventional toffee-type soft candy. In this regard, according to the design plan, sonocrystallization time and current were selected as independent variables. The samples (36 run) nucleated by sonocrystallization using the optimum conditions (1600 and 2400 mA, 20 min) were allowed to aging under different times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) and temperatures (60, 65, and 70 degrees C) in order to determine crystal growth. According to the texture profile analysis results, all parameters except for cohesiveness were significantly affected by both the sonocrystallization and aging conditions (p < 0.05), and dramatically higher hardness values were obtained for samples sonocrystallized at 2400 mA. Micrographs showed the formation of a crystalline network with more crystals of smaller size, fragmentation of larger crystals, and a more homogenous crystallization, especially in the samples sonocrystallized at 2400 mA and allowed to aging at >65 degrees C for durations of >6 min. The targets of the study were achieved by subjecting the samples to sonocrystallization at 2400 mA and aging at 70 degrees C for 8 min for crystal growth.Öğe Development of healthier gummy candy by substituting glucose syrup with various fruit juice concentrates(Wiley, 2024) Goztok, Serpil Pekdogan; Khiabani, Arezou Habibzadeh; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Konar, NevzatThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various formulations of fruit juice concentrates (pomegranate, grape, and sour cherry) on the pH, water activity, density, color, texture, and microstructure characteristics of candies instead of glucose syrup. The experimental points of the study were examined by a D-optimal mixture design to optimize the concentration of fruits used in the formulation and achieve excellent physicochemical characteristics. Fruit juice concentrates, either singly or in combination, were used as a complete substitute for glucose syrup in the formulation. Total fruit juice concentration used in the formulation was 54.07% and each of the fruit juice concentrations changed between 0 and 54.07% in the formulation. By combining these three fruit juices, 14 gummy candy samples were produced, depending on the Special cubic, cubic, and quadratic models that were used for the effects on the physicochemical properties (pH, water activity, density, L*, a*, b*, and chroma), and the texture profile analysis (TPA) (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience) parameters according to independent variables. Results showed that pH, water activity, and density values of the gummy candy samples were found to be in the range of 2.22-3.08, 0.46-0.52, and 1.10-1.53 g/mL, respectively, and were significantly affected by different fruit juice concentrates (p < .05). The texture profile analysis showed that except for springiness, fruit juice concentrations significantly affected the texture profile (p < .05). The texture values, such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and resilience of the gummy candy samples, were determined as 146.1-938.8 N, 0.63-0.99, 0.75-1.19, 136.02-947.94 g, and 0.12-0.51, respectively. In addition, various fruit juice concentrates significantly affected the color parameters of gummy candies, and using pomegranate juice and sour cherry concentrates increased the +a* value of the gummy candies. Therefore, fruit juice-based gummy candies can be developed as value-added gummy candies by using fruit juice concentrates.Öğe Effect of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Argon Plasma Jet Treatment on the Freeze-Dried Mucilage of Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.)(Mdpi, 2023) Mutlu, Sebnem; Kopuk, Berkay; Palabiyik, IbrahimIn the present study, the effects of the treatment of chia seeds with a cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (CP) using argon as a working gas for different times (30, 60, and 120 s) on the rheological, structural, and microstructural properties of the freeze-dried mucilages at -54 degrees C were investigated. All mucilage gels showed pseudoplastic flow behavior, and CP treatment of chia seeds increased the viscosity of mucilages, probably due to the cross-linking between polymer molecules. The dynamic rheological analysis revealed that all mucilages were elastic gels and that CP treatment improved the elastic properties in a treatment time-dependent manner. Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) results showed that freeze-dried mucilages showed Type I strain-thinning behavior. Similar to small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) results, CP treatment has affected and improved the large deformation behavior of mucilages depending on treatment time. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the incorporation of hydroxyl groups onto the surface and the formation of C-O-C glycosidic bonds during plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed the formation of denser structures with CP treatment time. Regarding color properties, CP treatment decreased the lightness values of mucilages. Overall, this study showed that CP is an effective way to modify both the SAOS and LAOS properties of freeze-dried chia mucilage and improve viscosity.Öğe Effect of different roasting conditions on the physicochemical properties, acrylamide concentration, and mineral bioaccessibility of nuts(Elsevier, 2024) Apaydin, Hakan; Demirci, Mehmet; Boluek, Esra; Kopuk, Berkay; Palabiyik, IbrahimThe effect of different roasting conditions (temperature and time) on the physico-chemical properties, aflatoxin and acrylamide contents, and mineral bioaccessibility (BA) of different nuts (almond, hazelnut, cashew, roasted chickpea (leblebi)) was investigated. Moisture content and water activity of all nuts decreased with roasting. A crispier texture was obtained in all nuts due to the decreased hardness and brittleness after roasting. A significant decrease in L* values of all nuts was accompanied by visible darkening. Although roasting affected a* and b* values of nut samples, the differences depended on nut type. No aflatoxin was detected in control nuts. Acrylamide concentration was increased as the nuts darkened. Highest acrylamide contents (ppb) were found in the darkest samples of cashew (148.59), chickpea (148.63), almond (120.25), and hazelnut (67.33). Considering mineral contents, highest concentrations (ppm) of Ca (2518.97), P (8340.68), and K (13902.70) were found in almonds, Ag (1.51), Mn (88.68), and Se (5.60) in hazelnuts, Cu (6.99), Fe (107.53), Mg (1813.26), and Na (1139.09) in cashews, and Zn (177.57) in chickpeas. Although the mineral content of chickpea was generally lower than other nuts, it showed the highest BA for Ca (38.8 %), Zn (38.2 %), P, (37.3 %) Se (41.8 %), and K (39.8 %), while the highest BA of Fe (21.4 %), Mg (46.8 %) and Mn (48.5 %) was observed in almonds and cashews, respectively. The roasting process generally decreased the BA values of minerals. As a conclusion, since the roasting conditions and food matrix have a direct effect on the absorbed amount of minerals, a product-based evaluation is crucial.Öğe Importance of emulsifiers in chocolate industry: Effect on structure, machinability, and quality of intermediate and final products(Wiley, 2024) Toker, Omer Said; Ozonuk, Seyma; Gunes, Recep; Icyer, Necattin Cihat; Rasouli, Haniyeh Pirouizan; Konar, Nevzat; Palabiyik, IbrahimMany parameters are effective in obtaining optimum rheological and sensory properties in chocolate. Lecithin, ammonium phosphatides (AMP), and less commonly glycerol monopalmitate (GMP) are typically used as emulsifiers to achieve the desired viscosity in chocolate. In addition to these emulsifiers, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) is used as a complement to regulate the yield value in chocolate. In this review, the properties of these additives, their interactions with each other, and the mechanism of their structural improvement functions in chocolate production are discussed. Depending on the type and amount of emulsifier, adjustments can be made to the flow behavior of molten chocolate, textural, melting character, tempering and tempering index, color and other properties of the chocolate. In addition to the use of emulsifiers, other parameters such as particle size distribution, moisture and fat content should also be taken into account, which can affect all these quality parameters. In this regard, the correct selection of the type of emulsifiers used in chocolate production and their combined usage rates will ensure that the demands of producers and consumers are met.Öğe Importance of rheological properties in enrobing efficiency of dark chocolate: application in wafer products(Wiley, 2023) Ertural, Goksen Isik; Gunes, Recep; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Konar, Nevzat; Sagdic, OsmanIn this study, the rheological properties of dark chocolate used for enrobing in wafer production were modified with the use of lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), and its effects on the final product were investigated. Lecithin was added to the dark chocolate from 0.1 to 0.8 g per 100 g in increments of 0.1 g, then, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 g per 100 g PGPR were combined separately with 0.40 g per 100 g lecithin containing sample. There were significant differences in the enrobing ratios, colour, texture, and sensory parameters of the wafer samples (P < 0.05) enrobed with dark chocolate, in which lecithin and PGPR were used together, due to the changes in the flow behaviour of the chocolate. The wafers enrobed with emulsifier-free dark chocolate had the highest enrobing ratio (72.3%), while it was 45% in the sample enrobed with dark chocolate containing 0.40 g per 100 g lecithin + 0.20 g per 100 g PGPR. In parallel with the decrease in the enrobing ratio, changes occurred in the textural hardness and fracturability values of the samples. On the other hand, as the enrobing ratio decreased, the structure of the wafer sheets became more prominent during consumption, resulting in an increase in the sensory evaluation scores.Öğe Improving Cleaning Efficiency through the Measurement of Food Fouling Adhesive Strength(Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Atik, Didem Sozeri; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Sivri, Goksel Tirpanci; Uzun, Suzan; Koc, Yusuf; Calisir, KubraThis study aims to investigate the impacts of factors, including textural properties, surface roughness, and contact angle, on the cleaning performance of food soils and develop a preliminary mathematical model to predict the cleaning score, depending on the soil-surface properties. The force required to remove soil from the surface was determined by a texture analyzer equipped with a newly designed probe. Potato puree and egg yolk soils showed high adhesive forces compared to other deposits. Margarine required the lowest force to detach from the surfaces. A soil-surface characteristic number (SSCN) was constructed from the results of contact angle, roughness, and textural analysis to predict the cleaning score depending on the soil-surface properties. The experimental work presented indicates that a higher SSCN was associated with lower cleaning scores for soil-surface combinations. Furthermore, a predictive model was developed to define the relationship between cleaning scores and SSCN. The applicability of the model was validated by measuring the cleaning performance of caramel and pudding soils on glass, porcelain, and stainless-steel household surfaces by using an automatic method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SSCN approach can be improved in further studies to predict cleaning scores of soil-surface combinations in the experimental rig or automatic dishwasher.Öğe Improving Functionality of Chocolate(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Konar, Nevzat; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Toker, Ömer Said; Saputro, Arifin Dwi; Pirouzian, Haniyeh RasouliTop trends in the food industry are mainly related with improvement of functionality of the products. Food manufacturers and researchers mainly focus on this subject and it is aimed to produce the functional products with quality characteristics similar to conventional ones. In the present chapter, the ways to improve functional characteristics of the chocolate products were reviewed. Calorie reduction in chocolates with using sugar and cocoa butter alternatives and its effect on chocolate quality was mentioned. In addition, the influence of processes applied for cocoa and chocolate productions on polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity was also addressed. Studies related with dietary fiber usage as a prebiotics and their effects on chocolate quality and probiotic chocolates and bioaccessibility of probiotics were also summarized in the chapter. It can be highlighted that functional characteristics of the chocolate or derived products can be improved by enrichment and adjusting production process parameters. Chocolate is a good functional compound carrier since it is lovely consumed by people of all age throughout the world. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of a novel toffee type soft candy formulated by a latex obtained from Gundelia tournefortii L. and enriched with a lactic acid-based propolis extract(Elsevier, 2024) Gunes, Recep; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Ceylan, Fatma Duygu; Capanoglu, Esra; Yurt, Bayram; Kurultay, SefikIn this study, a toffee type soft candy product was developed for the first time with a new production process by means of using a plant based latex (kenger gum) obtained from Gundelia tournefortii L. D-optimal mixture design was used for the optimization of components in the kenger gum added sugared (KGS) and sugar-free (KGSF) candy samples. According to optimization step, the amounts of kenger gum that provided the best sensory scores were found as 2.16 g/100 g and 2.00 g/100 g sample for KGS and KGSF formulations, respectively, and then lactic acid (80 %) based propolis extract (LPE, 0.5 %, 1 %, 2.5 %) were added to these novel candy samples. According to the results, water activity values were determined as 0.6210-0.6315, 0.6197-0.6290 and 0.5226-0.5313 for the control, KGS, and KGSF groups, respectively. Considering the instrumental texture and color parameters, use of kenger gum and different amounts of LPE caused differences in the characteristic properties of samples. Compared to the control group, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and rosmarinic acid were detected in the samples with added kenger gum. The presence of both kenger gum and LPE in candy samples might have resulted with an interaction and affected the in vitro bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds.Öğe Influence of process conditions of alkalization on quality of cocoa powder(Elsevier, 2024) Demirci, Sultan; Elmaci, Ceren; Atalar, Ilyas; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Konar, NevzatIn this study, the effects of independent variables such as alkaline (NaOH) salt concentration (3.0-6.0 g/100 mL), alkalization temperature (60-90 degrees C), and time (20-40 min) on cocoa powder (low-fat) properties were investigated by using Central Composite Design. The physicochemical and color properties of samples, powder characteristics, volatile component profile, total polyphenol content (TPC), as well as antioxidant activity potentials using different methods (DPPH and ABTS) were determined. Significant models were identified for the effects on major alkalization indicators (L*, a*/b*, pH), as well as TPC and antioxidant activity potential (DPPH), which are the main motivators for the preference and consumption of cocoa products (p < 0.05). The established model was validated, and their predicted values were found to be very close to real results. It was determined that the alkali concentration had a more significant effect on dependent variables, especially on alkalization indicators, compared to the other independent variables. Furthermore, strong correlations were determined between TPC and antioxidant activity potential and color properties (L*, a*, b*, and a*/b*). Optimum concentration, temperature and time were found to be 5.3 %, 84 degrees C and 35.7 min for maximizing a*/b* value. The establishment of such models lead to optimizing process conditions of alkalization with minimum effort and labor force for obtaining cocoa powder with desired quality depending on the usage purpose.Öğe Interactions of black carrot concentrate powder as a natural coloring agent with gelatine and sucrose in model gummy samples(Elsevier, 2025) Atalar, Ilyas; Ozen, Betul; Polat, Derya Genc; Han, Emine; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Elobeid, TahraWith growing consumer concerns about the sustainability and safety of synthetic food colorings, the food industry is increasingly turning to natural colorants derived from plants. Anthocyanins from black carrots are preferred as natural food colorants in the food industry. However, the product composition in which the colorants are used affects the pigments' color properties and stability behaviors. This study aims to determine the interaction between black carrot juice concentrate powder (BCCP) with gelatine and sucrose for model gummy samples and to develop models for the optimal composition of the product. Hardness (9.90-21.77 N), resilience (0.61-0.82), cohesiveness (0.95-0.98), springiness (0.27.5-0.63 mm), gumminess (9.63-21.30 N), and chewiness (3.15-13.36 Nxmm) properties of model gummy samples were determined by texture profile analysis. TPC values for gummy candy samples ranged from 6.87 to 44.3 mg GAE/kg, while inhibition values for AAC were 0.00%-13.4%. BCCP x gelatin and BCCP x sucrose interactions were determined to be significant for texture parameters such as hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and L & lowast;, a & lowast;, b & lowast;, and chroma values (P < 0.05). The optimal composition for samples was determined as 32.03 g/100 g sucrose, 21 g/100 g gelatin solution, and 0.27 g/100 g BCCP, respectively, by considering changes in hardness, springiness, hardness variation and Delta E & lowast; values at the end of accelerated shelf-life (ASL) conditions. Incorporating polyphenol-containing BCCP affects gummies' colour stability and texture.Öğe Investigating the effect of gum base components on chewing gum quality and aroma release mechanism: In-vitro kinetic modeling(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Alacam, Muemin; Cinsar, Merve; Gunes, Recep; Boluk, Esra; Atik, Didem Sozeri; Palabiyik, IbrahimIn this study, the effects of main gum base components, namely butyl rubber, polyvinyl acetate and natural resin, on the aroma (menthol) release mechanism and quality of sugar-free chewing gums were investigated. According to the results, the sensory evaluation of aroma release was closely similar to the analysis performed with the GC-MS equipment. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model was the best model explaining the menthol release from chewing gum, and it was found that the release was mostly in the form of Fickian diffusion. The polyvinyl acetate had the greatest effect on the aroma release, and the aroma intensity increased in parallel with the ratio in the formulations. According to the optimization results, softening temperatures and instrumental hardness of the sample, which showed the highest aroma durability were found to be 80.00 degrees C and 22.45 N.Öğe Investigation of cold plasma technique as an alternative to conventional alkalization of cocoa powders(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Kopuk, Berkay; Konar, Nevzat; Toker, Omer SaidIn the production of cocoa, a crucial process called Alkalization or Dutching has been used to reduce its acidity, bitterness and astringency as well as modify its solubility and color. It is a time-and energy-consuming process. It was investigated whether it is possible to replace the conventional alkalization with the cold plasma (CP) technique. We discover that atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) CP treatment is capable of reducing the lightness values, improving the solubility, and decreasing the acidic perception of natural cocoa powders as well as protecting bioactive compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid content) of natural cocoa powders, consuming similar to 65% less time than the traditional method and without the need for external expenditures such as chemicals, high pressure, or aeration. Moreover, CP treatment did not increase the total ash content and thus water-holding capacity of powders unlike the conventional alkalization, which caused a 40% and 42% increase, respectively. The SEM micrographs demonstrated that CP treatment caused etching on the surface and removed the layer of protein-polyphenol-cell wall complex. FTIR spectra showed the incorporation of hydrophilic functional groups on the surface after CP treatment. CP treatment effectively reduced the acidic fractions of cocoa powder, but caused to the oxidation of cocoa butter and the formation of decomposition products of oleic and linoleic acid. Finally, this is a pioneering study for replacing an alkalization process step that has been used since the 19th century and has no alternative, and the results seem to be very promising for further detailed studies and pilot-and industrial-scale trials.Öğe Investigation of the Effects of Phenolic Extracts Obtained from Agro-Industrial Food Wastes on Gelatin Modification(Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Demircan, Huseyin; Oral, Rasim A.; Toker, Omer S.; Palabiyik, IbrahimIn this study, modified bovine gelatin was produced using the alkaline technique with four different oxidized agro-industrial food waste (pomegranate peel (PP), grape pomace and seed (GP), black tea (BT), and green tea (GT)) phenolic extracts (AFWEs) at three different concentrations (1, 3, and 5% based on dry gelatin). The effect of waste type and concentration on the textural, rheological, emulsifying, foaming, swelling, and color properties of gelatin, as well as its total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, was investigated. Significant improvement in gel strength, thermal stability, and gelation rate of gelatin was achieved by modification with oxidized agro-industrial waste extracts. Compared to the control sample, 46.24% higher bloom strength in the GT5 sample, 5.29 and 6.01 degrees C higher gelling and melting temperatures in the PP5 sample, respectively, and 85.70% lower t(model) value in the GT3 sample were observed. Additionally, the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, foam, and emulsion properties of the modified gels increased significantly. This study revealed that gelatins with improved technological and functional properties can be produced by using oxidized phenolic extracts obtained from agricultural industrial food wastes as cross-linking agents in the modification of gelatin.
