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Öğe Arıcılıkta Bazı Biyoteknolojik Gelişmelere Bakış(2021) Oskay, Devrim; Balkanska, Ralitsa; Topal, Erkan; İvgin Tunca, Rahşan; Sarıoğlu, Aybike; Güneş, NazmiyeArıcılıktaki araştırmalar birçok bilim dalının ışığında yapılmakta olup biyoteknoloji bunlardan biridir. İklimde yaşanan değişimler, arıların beslenme ve besin kaynaklarını etkilerken, son yıllarda hastalık ve zararlıların giderek artması ve kimyasal ilaçlara karşı gerek arının gerekse de parazit ve patojenlerin direnç geliştirmeleri sebebiyle hastalık etmenlerine bu kimyasalların çare olamaması arıcılıkta biyoteknolojik çalışmalara yönelimi hızlandırmıştır. Hastalıklara dirençli / verimli arı ırklarının ve mevcut katkı maddelerinin geliştirilmesiyle birlikte, yeni yem kaynakları oluşturulmasına yönelik biyoteknolojik araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Özellikle dünyadaki gelişmelere uyum sağlamak sürdürülebilir arıcılık faaliyetleri açısından da oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada bal arısı ve arıcılık sektöründe yapılmış bazı biyoteknolojik araştırmalar incelenerek bu alandaki gelişmelerin ortaya konulması ve yakın gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara ışık tutulması amaçlanmıştır.Öğe Bal Arılarında (Apis mellifera L.) Beslenmenin Hastalık ve Zararlılarla İlişkisi(2020) Olgun, Tuğçe; Topal, Erkan; Güneş, Nazmiye; Oskay, Devrim; Sarıoğlu, AybikeSon yıllarda yaşanan yoğun bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.) ölümleri arıcılıkta birçok konunun sorgulanmasınaneden olmaktadır. Arı sağlığına yönelik kimyasalların kullanımının beklenen sonuçları tam olarak vermemesi ve arı ürünlerindekalıntı sorunu gibi yeni sorunları ortaya çıkarması nedeniyle yeni çıkış yolları aranmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda arılarınbirçok stres faktörleri ile baş edememesinin nedenlerinden birisi olarak arıların yeterli ve kaliteli besin kaynakları ilebeslenememesi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Yetersiz beslenme neticesinde, bal arısı immün sisteminin zayıflamasıyla yaygıngörülen arı hastalık ve zararlılarına hedef olmaktadırlar. Arıların besin durumunun iyileştirilmesinin, arı sağlığına yönelikzorluklarla mücadelede temel amaç olması gerektiğinin arıcılar tarafından iyi anlaşılması sürdürülebilir arıcılık açısındanönemlidir. Bu derleme ile mevcut araştırmalar ve yeni bilgiler ışığında bal arılarında beslemenin önemi ortaya konarak, arıcılartarafından iyi anlaşılması hedeflenmiştir.Öğe Comparison of the Circadian Rhythms of Two Bee Pollinators, a Generalist and a Specialist, of Field Bindweed.(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2018) Rivera Figueroa, V.; Loubriel, D.; Johnson, M.; Tscheulin, T.; Petanidou, T.; Oskay, Devrim; Agosto-Rivera, Jose L.[No Abstract Available]Öğe Development of a Method for Large Scale Tracking and Analysis of Honeybee Behavior(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2017) Niedzialek, O.; Giannoni Guzman, M.; Giray, T.; Oskay, Devrim; Agosto Rivera, Jose L.[No Abstract Available]Öğe Does Nosema ceranae Wipe Out Nosema apis in Turkey?(Iranian Scientific Society Medical Entomology, 2016) Ivgin Tunca, Rahsan; Oskay, Devrim; Gosterit, Ayhan; Tekin, Olgay KaanBackground: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis among apiaries using both spore counts and multiplex PCR and the replacement of N. apis by N. ceranae in some regions of Turkey. Methods: A hundred honey bee samples were collected from 99 apiaries in 11 different locations in 2011-2012 in Turkey. Nosema infection degree from collected samples was determined using light microscope and molecular detection of Nosema spp. (N. ceranae and N. apis) was performed using specific primers by multiplex PCR. Results: N. ceranae was only found spores in sampling areas using molecular diagnosis. N. apis was not detected in whole sampling areas using both techniques. There are no Nosema spores detected in Konya one location using two techniques. The nucleotide sequences from amplification products of the Nosema infested honeybee samples were (98%) identical with the sequence of N. ceranae for many countries deposited in the GenBank database in this study. Conclusion: The present study illustrated that N. ceranae is the only spores for sampled areas in 2011-2012. The study could also indicate that N. ceranae has been replaced instead of N. apis in Turkey. In addition, the prevalence of N. ceranae and two microsporodia spores effects on honey bee colonies in Turkey were needed to determine with intensive sampling, periodically.Öğe Effects of diet composition on consumption, live body weight and life span of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)(Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021) Oskay, DevrimDue to current threats such as climate change, emerging diseases, and agricultural chemical use, honey bees are struggling to obtain adequate uncontaminated nectar and pollen for survival. Under these conditions, beekeepers feed their colonies with pollen and honey substitutes. In this study, several experimental diets were examined and compared with pollen and honey substitutes used by the beekeepers. The effects of the diets on consumption, live body weight and lifespan of groups of adult worker honey bees were investigated under laboratory conditions. "Natural-like" diet was used as control. Solid food with different amounts of protein and enzymatically prepared liquid food, enzymatically prepared liquid food with added caffeine, colored non-enzymatically prepared liquid food were tested. Pollen substitute protein levels were 0.4 to 10%. Solid food with low protein diet was consumed less, and resulted in low live body weight and low survival in comparison to control and higher protein amounts. Bees fed with enzymatically prepared liquid food with added caffeine group showed more activity but did not attain significantly higher survival ratio than bees fed only enzymatically prepared liquid food. This study discusses role of protein content and food preparation in the management of honey bee colonies. © 2021, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary.Öğe Gentle Africanized bees on an oceanic island(Wiley, 2012) Rivera Marchand, Bert; Oskay, Devrim; Giray, TuğrulOceanic islands have reduced resources and natural enemies and potentially affect life history traits of arriving organisms. Among the most spectacular invasions in the Western hemisphere is that of the Africanized honeybee. We hypothesized that in the oceanic island Puerto Rico, Africanized bees will exhibit differences from the mainland population such as for defensiveness and other linked traits. We evaluated the extent of Africanization through three typical Africanized traits: wing size, defensive behavior, and resistance to Varroa destructor mites. All sampled colonies were Africanized by maternal descent, with over 65% presence of European alleles at the S-3 nuclear locus. In two assays evaluating defense, Puerto Rican bees showed low defensiveness similar to European bees. In morphology and resistance to mites, Africanized bees from Puerto Rico are similar to other Africanized bees. In behavioral assays on mechanisms of resistance to Varroa, we directly observed that Puerto Rican Africanized bees groomed-off and bit the mites as been observed in other studies. In no other location, Africanized bees have reduced defensiveness while retaining typical traits such as wing size and mite resistance. This mosaic of traits that has resulted during the invasion of an oceanic island has implications for behavior, evolution, and agriculture.Öğe Honey bee colonies from different races show variation in defenses against the varroa mite in a 'common garden'(Wiley, 2013) Kence, Meral; Oskay, Devrim; Giray, Tuğrul; Kence, AykutAbstract Honey bee [Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)] genetic diversity may be the key to responding to novel health challenges faced by this important pollinator. In this study, we first compared colonies of four honey bee races, A. m. anatoliaca, A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasica, and A. m. syriaca from Turkey, with respect to honey storage, bee population size, and defenses against varroa. The mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is an important pest of honey bee colonies. There are genetic correlates with two main defenses of bees against this parasite: hygienic behavior, or removing infested brood, and grooming, which involves shaking and swiping off mites and biting them. In the second part of this study, we examined the relationship of these two types of defenses, hygiene and grooming, and their correlation with infestation rates in 32 genetically diverse colonies in a 'common garden' apiary. Mite biting was found to be negatively correlated with mite infestation levels.Öğe Honey bees (Apis mellifera spp.) respond to increased aluminum exposure in their foraging choice, motility, and circadian rhythmicity(Public Library Science, 2019) Chicas-Mosier, Ana M.; Dinges, Christopher W.; Agosto-Rivera, Jose L.; Giray, Tuğrul; Oskay, Devrim; Abramson, Charles I.Aluminum is increasingly globally bioavailable with acidification from industrial emissions and poor mining practices. This bioavailability increases uptake by flora, contaminating products such as fruit, pollen, and nectar. Concentrations of aluminum in fruit and pollen have been reported between 0.05 and 670mg/L in North America. This is particularly concerning for pollinators that ingest pollen and nectar. Honey bees represent a globally present species experiencing decline in Europe and North America. Region specific decline may be a result of differential toxicity of exposure between subspecies. We find that European honey bees (Apis mellifera mellifera) may have differential toxicity as compared to two allopatric Mediterranean subspecies (Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera caucasica) which showed no within subspecies exposure differences. European honey bees were then used in a laboratory experiment and exposed to aluminum in their daily water supply to mimic nectar contamination at several concentrations. After approximately 3 weeks of aluminum ingestion these bees showed significantly shorter captive longevity than controls at concentrations as low as 10.4mg/L and showed a possible hormetic response in motility. We also compared European honey bees to Africanized/European hybrid bees (Apis mellifera mellifera/scutellata hybrid) in short-term free-flight experiments. Neither the European honey bee nor the hybrid showed immediate foraging deficits in flight time, color choice, or floral manipulation after aluminum exposure. We conclude that European honey bees are at the greatest risk of aluminum related decline from chronic ingestion as compared to other subspecies and offer new methods for future use in honey bee toxicology.Öğe Impact of stress factors internal and external to the hive on honey bees and their reflection on honey bee products: a review(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Oskay, Gizem Sonmez; Uygur, Gulsen Sude; Oskay, Devrim; Arda, NazliHoney bees are one of the most beneficial insects on Earth with both their critical roles in pollination and health-promoting products. Honey bee products ranging from honey to bee venom containing various nutritional and/or bioactive constituents have been used since Ancient times as food, functional food, and remedy in the treatment of many diseases. However, many factors inside and outside the hive endanger the existence of bee colonies and negatively affect the quality of bee products. Furthermore, these stressors, when combined, result in a drastic decrease in honey bee populations, and/or beneficial honey bee products. This review attempts to provide an up-to-date literature summary for researchers who work on honey bees and their products, enlightening beekeepers about some incorrect practices, and summarizing the known threats external and internal to the hive for interested parties. First, in-hive stress factors, such as food shortage, diseases and pest infection affecting the viability, strength and health of honey bee colonies have been dealt with in detail. Undesirable beekeeping activities are also discussed in the context of in-hive stress factors. Then, the effects of stress factors outside the hive, such as climate change, habitat loss and environmental pollution, on honey bees have been examined. Finally, the effects of stress factors internal and external to the hive on honey bee products have been evaluated since their safety and quality depend on both the health of the colonies and environmental conditions.Öğe Investigation of the Effect of Chestnut Honey and Curcumin Combination on Lifespan in the Experimental Heat Stress Model of Honey Bee(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2023) Oskay, Gizem Sonmez; Oskay, Devrim; Arda, NazliThe effects of global warming could be devastating to all forms of life on Earth. Premature aging and diseases related to heat stress can be triggered by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The limited number of studies on honey bees as model organisms focuses on the potential of natural products to slow down aging process and prolong healthy lifespan. Here we aimed to test the effects of two natural products, chestnut honey and curcumin, on the lifespan of honey bees under heat stress conditions in an experimental system. Honey bees were fed diets consisting of sugar syrup with or without chestnut honey, curcumin and their combinations while they were kept in cages held in an incubator at 35 degrees C and 60% humidity for ten days. On the 10th day, the temperature was raised to 45 degrees C and the cages were kept at this temperature for 3 h. Afterwards, the temperature was lowered to 35 degrees C and the honey bees in the cages continued to feed. Food consumption and number of dead bees in each group were determined everyday. It was found that under stress conditions the average lifespan was prolonged in honey bees fed chestnut honey and curcumin combination, without any changes in their food consumptions. Combined therapy increased the lifespan from 12 to 18 days, while individually chestnut honey was less effective (15 days), and curcumin has no effect (12 days). The results of current study are expected to contribute experimental and practical use of chestnut honey with or without curcumin as a food supplement for not only for honey bees but also for other animals, and human.Öğe Monitoring of Nosema Infections Levels During Hygienic Honey Bee Breeding Programs in Turkey(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2017) Ivgin Tunca, Rahsan; Oskay, Devrim; Erginoglu, SezaiThe objective of this study was to follow Nosema infection levels and species under hygienic bee breeding program for resistance to American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae). The incidence of Nosema parasite infection levels and detection of the species of Nosema were evaluated in 5 periods during 2012-2014 for Mugla honey bees known as an ecotype of Apis mellifera anatoliaca in the hygienic bee breeding program. During the hygienic breeding program, no organic or synthetic chemical treatments were applied against nosemosis in the colonies. The incidences of Nosema spores were followed in 123 colonies at five time periods. Although the correlations were negative for between spores-temperature ( r = - 0.115; P> 0.01) and positive for spores-humidity ( r = 0.013; P> 0.01) but not significant statistically. Molecular diagnosis showed that only N. ceranae spores were detected from samples during 5 seasons. In conclusion, nosema infection levels decreased under hygienic bee breeding programme but further monitoring studies should be performed in order to decide whether the nosema spores decrease due to hygienic behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term and unique study for observation of Nosema during breeding program in Turkey so far.Öğe Morphometric and Genetic Characterization of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) From Thrace Region of Turkey(Sciendo, 2022) Özdil, Fulya; Oskay, Devrim; Işık, Raziye; Yatkın, Selen; Aydın, Abdurrahman; Güler, AhmetA detailed morphological and genetic characterization of honey bees from the Thrace and west Anatolian regions of Turkey was surveyed. A total of 1650 worker bee samples (110 colonies) were evaluated with the forty-one morphological characters and 217 honey bee samples were analyzed via DNA sequencing of the tRNA(leu)-cox2 region. In this study, three different populations, Thrace (Tekirdag, Kirklareli and Edirne provinces), Island Gokceada, and western Anatolia were formed based on morphometrics, since the Marmara Sea has taken a very strong barrier role in this formation. The morphological similarity of the Thrace population was supported by the genetic analysis. The sequencing of the tRNA(leu)-cox2 region revealed twenty-two different haplotypes, sixteen of which are novel. The C2d, macedonica-like haplotype, was the most widely found haplotype (48%) all around the Thrace region. Along with the C2d haplotype, previously published C2s, C2v, C2i, C2j, and C2h haplotypes, and the newly found haplotypes were also observed but less frequently. In this study, Thrace honey bees were found to more similar to A. m. macedonica through the mtDNA sequence analysis, whereas carnica-like honey bees were only found near the Istranca mountain ridges, Kirklareli province and macedonica-like honey bees all around the Thrace region. According to our results, some of the Thrace honey bee populations may be both A. m. carnica and A. m. macedonica but the assignment to the latter subspecies seems more likely due to its geographic range.Öğe The Effect of Supplementary Feeding with Different Pollens in Autumn on Colony Development under Natural Environment and In Vitro Lifespan of Honey Bees(MDPI, 2022) Topal, Erkan; Margaoan, Rodica; Bay, Veysel; Takma, Çiğdem; Yücel, Banu; Oskay, Devrim; Kosoğlu, MustafaSimple Summary In the present study, the effect of feeding with pollen sources with different protein content on colony performance, wintering ability and in-vitro longevity of colonies that weakened after feeding with pine honey in autumn or that needed to enter the winter period were investigated. The experiment was carried out in 48 colonies divided into six groups as follows: control, syrup, mixed pollen, Cistus creticus pollen (Pink rock-rose), Papaver somniferum pollen (Opium poppy), and commercial bee cake group. The effect of nutritional differences on survival was found to be statistically significant in vitro and this supports the colony results in the natural environment. As a result, P. somniferum pollen is a good preference to be used in feeding colonies in beekeeping, due to its rich nutritional content. Honey bees need pollen and nectar sources to survive in nature. Particularly, having young bees in colonies is vital before wintering, and proper feeding is necessary to achieve this. In the present study, the effect of feeding with pollen sources of different protein content on colony performance, wintering ability and in-vitro longevity of colonies that weakened after feeding with pine honey in autumn, or that needed to enter the winter period, was investigated. The experiment was carried out in 48 colonies divided into six groups as follows: control, syrup, mixed pollen, Cistus creticus pollen (Pink rock-rose), Papaver somniferum pollen (Opium poppy), and commercial bee cake groups. In particular, the P. somniferum pollen group was different (p < 0.01) from the other experiment groups with the number of bee frames (3.44), the area with brood (1184.14 cm(2)) and the wintering ability of 92.19%. The effect of nutritional differences on survival was found to be statistically significant in vitro and this supports the colony results in the natural environment (p < 0.001). The P. somniferum group has the longest longevity with 23 days. Pollen preferences of honey bees were P. somniferum, C. creticus, and mixed pollen, respectively.Öğe The effects of ingested aqueous aluminum on floral fidelity and foraging strategy in honey bees (Apis mellifera)(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2017) Chicas-Mosier, Ana M.; Cooper, Bree A.; Melendez, Alexander M.; Perez, Melina; Oskay, Devrim; Abramson, Charles I.Pollinator decline is of international concern because of the economic services these organisms provide. Commonly cited sources of decline are toxicants, habitat fragmentation, and parasites. Toxicant exposure can occur through uptake and distribution from plant tissues and resources such as pollen and nectar. Metals such as aluminum can be distributed to pollinators and other herbivores through this route especially in acidified or mined areas. A free-flying artificial flower patch apparatus was used to understand how two concentrations of aluminum (2 mg/L and 20 mg/L) may affect the learning, orientation, and foraging behaviors of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Turkey. The results show that a single dose of aluminum immediately affects the floral decision making of honey bees potentially by altering sucrose perception, increasing activity level, or reducing the likelihood of foraging on safer or uncontaminated resource patches. We conclude that aluminum exposure may be detrimental to foraging behaviors and potentially to other ecologically relevant behaviors.Öğe The genetic diversity of Apis mellifera L. in Thrace Region of Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Özdil, Fulya; Yatkın, Selen; Oskay, Devrim[No Abstract Available]Öğe Türkiye'deki Aricilik Faaliyetleri ve Koloni Kayiplari Üzerine Araştirma(2016) İvgin Tunca, Rahşan; Çimrin, Tülay; Büyük, Mithat; Taşkın, Atilla; Oskay, DevrimBu çalışmada, gezginci ve yerel kolonilerde besleme uygulamaları, kolonilerin seçilim yöntemleri, hastalıkların kontrol metotları ve 2008-2011 yılları arasındaki koloni kayıpları değerlendirilmiştir. Verilere göre arıcıların %92.6' ı kolonilerinde erken ilkbahar ve sonbahar beslemesi yapmaktadır. Yerli arıcıların bir kısmı (%37.7) ve göçer arıcılar (%62.4) kolonilerini beslemede şurup ve diğer besin maddelerinin ikisini birden tercih etmektedir. Arıcılar, saldırganlık davranışı olmayan ve yüksek bal verimi olan %47.6), ayrıca oğul verme davranışı yüksek olan (%14.2), hastalıklara dayanıklı (%5.2), kraliçe arının alt türüne ve fizyolojik özelliklerine göre kolonilerini seçmektedir. Kışlatmaya bağlı koloni kayıpları sırasıyla 2008-9 yıllarında %14.5, 2009-10 yıllarında %18.9 ve 2010-11 yıllarında %12.6 olarak gözlemlenmiştir. 2009-2010 yılları arasındaki koloni kayıpları arasında korelasyon önemli bulunmuştur (P<0.01). Çalışma düzenli saha tarama çalışmalarının koloni yönetiminin ve koloni kayıplarının takibinde önemli olduğunu işaret etmektedir.
