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Öğe Deficit Irrigation Effects on Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Monet) Yield in Unheated Greenhouse Condition(Scientific Issues Natl Centre Agrarian Sciences, 2011) Ayas, S.; Orta, A. Halim; Yazgan, S.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on yield for broccoli grown under unheated greenhouse condition. The research was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Yenisehir High School of Uludag University in Bursa, Turkey, in 2007. In the study, water was applied to broccoli as 1.00. 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and 0.00% (as control) of evaporation from a Class A Pan corresponding to 2 day irrigation frequency. Irrigation water applied ranged from 70 to 522 mm, and water consumption ranged from 88 to 542 mm. The effect of irrigation water level on the yield, head height, head diameter, head weight and dry matter were found to be significant. The highest yield was 29.2 t ha(-1) Crop yield response factor (k(y)) was found as 1.04 The highest values for water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were found to be 6.71 and 6.50 kg m(-3) for the K2(cp) treatment. Under the conditions that water resources are scarce, it can be recommended that K2(cp) treatment is most suitable as a water application level for broccoli irrigation by drip irrigation under unheated greenhouse condition.Öğe Evapotranspiration and the response of cool-season and warm-season turfgrass species to deficit irrigation under a sprinkler irrigation method(Springer, 2023) Orta, A. Halim; Kuyumcu, SerayThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation applications at different levels on cool-season and warm-season turf irrigated by a sprinkler irrigation method. Field experiments were conducted in Istanbul, Turkey (41 & DEG;03MODIFIER LETTER PRIMEN; 28 & DEG;00MODIFIER LETTER PRIMEE; 46 m above sea level) during the growing season of 2019. In the study, two different turf types: a cool-season turfgrass mixture (C) and a warm-season turfgrass or Bermudagrass (W) were subjected to three different irrigation levels (I-1: Full irrigation, I-2: 1/3 deficiency, I-3: 2/3 deficiency) and examined in split-plots via a randomized complete block design conducted in triplicate. The soil moisture level was monitored via time-domain reflectometry (TDR) each day to provide irrigation timing. Unfortunately, none of the treatments were adequate to keep cool-season turf green after July because of a high MAD (Management Allowable Deficit) value. In the first 3-month period (May to July) of the experiment, during which both types of turf could survive, the seasonal evapotranspiration and the total amount of irrigation water applied were 11% more for the cool-season turf than for the warm-season turf. In the warm-season turf, although all irrigation levels provided for plant survival, the I-2 treatment is suggested when all quality parameters, such as the amount of irrigation water applied, the water used, the irrigation water-use efficiency and the quality parameters are evaluated together. Seasonal average values for Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) were calculated for the different irrigation treatments ranging from 0.57 to 0.66 for cool-season turf and from 0.52 to 0.66 for warm-season turf. The average CWSI values before irrigation was applied were from 0.68 to 0.79 for cool-season turf and from 0.69 to 0.79 for warm-season turf. The Jensen-Haise method (JH) was chosen as the best equation when reference evapotranspiration estimation methods were compared for both types of turf.Öğe Irrigation scheduling based on Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) for cool and warm-season turf grass under subsurface-drip irrigation method(2019) Öncel, C. Sabahattin; Todorovic, Mladen; Orta, A. HalimAims: This study was conducted to determine irrigation scheduling basedon the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) of cool (CS) and warm-season (WS)turfgrass species under subsurface-drip irrigation method.Methods and Results: The field experiment was carried out during thesummer period of 2018 in the Agricultural Production and Research Centre(TURAM) of Silivri municipality, Istanbul-Turkey. Specific objectives wereto measure actual evapotranspiration (ETc) values for both turfgrass types,to compare their responses to different water levels, to determine CWSIvalues for both turfgrass species under different irrigation scheduling andopportunity of using CWSI in irrigation timing, to compare ETc withreference to evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated with five differentmethods and to determine crop coefficient curve (kc) for experimentalconditions, and to focus on the crop growing and irrigation managementparameters under subsurface-drip irrigation method. Three irrigationstrategies [I1:30%, I2:50%, and I3:70%) were tested in a split-plotrandomized complete block design with three replications. Thesestrategies corresponded, respectively, to 30%, 50% and 70% of totalavailable soil moisture depletion at 0-30 cm of the effective root zone andreturning soil moisture back to field capacity. The results indicated thatcolour, quality, fresh yield, dry matter yield, irrigation water use efficiency,water use efficiency, vegetation height and mowing were significantlydifferent in terms of irrigation strategies for both species. The mostappropriate irrigation strategies were I2:50% for CS and I3:70% for WSturfgrass which corresponded to a CWSI of 0.47 and 0.45, respectively.Conclusions: The amount of applied irrigation water in WS turfgrass was53% less than in CS turfgrass. Actual evapotranspiration was 26% lower forWS than for CS turfgrass.Significance and Impact of the Study: These results obtained from theexperiments will help choosing of turf type and irrigation scheduling tosave water in urban areas.Öğe Irrigation scheduling of cool and warm season turfgrass irrigated with sub-drip irrigation method(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2019) Ayano?lu, Halim; Orta, A. HalimThe aim of this study is to determine the irrigation scheduling of cool-season and warm-season turfgrass species under sub-drip irrigation method. Field experiments were conducted in the experimental fields of Silivri municipality in Gümüsyaka village located between boundaries of Tekirdag and Istanbul, during the summer of the 2017. In the study, three different irrigation strategies were applied on cool season and warm season turfgrass species. Experimental design was split-plots in randomized blocks design with three replications. In the experimental area, Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) was used as a warm season turf type and a four-part mixture was used as cool season turf type (30% Lolium perenne, 25% Festuca rubra rubra, 35% Festuca arundinacea and 10% Poa pratensis). Irrigation water was applied when approximately 30%, 50%, and 70% of readily available water at effective root zone of 30 cm was consumed and completed to the field capacity. Irrigation scheduling was planned according to changes of available soil moisture level in root zone. At the end of the study for cool season turfgrass types; the total amount of irrigation water applied in different irrigation strategies varied between 324,2 mm - 195,7 mm, seasonal evapotranspiration values varied between 382,7 mm - 260,2 mm, and daily evapotranspiration values varied between 5,38 mm day-1 - 3,69 mm day-1. As for warm season turfgrass types; same values varied between 298,6 mm - 117,1 mm; 357,9 mm - 180,4 mm; and 5,03 mm day-1 - 2,53 mm day-1, respectively. In conclusion, the effect of different irrigation levels on two different turfgrasses have been determined to be statistically significant. When factors such as amount of irrigation water applied, cutting frequency and quality under the region's conditions are evaluated together; it is suggested to start irrigation when 50% of the available water in effective root zone is consumed in cool season turfgrass and when 70% is consumed in warm season turfgrass. When suggested aspects are compared, it can be said that warm season turfgrass demands 43% less irrigation water and consumes 52% less water than cool season turfgrass. Blaney-Criddle method was found to be the most suitable estimation method for reference evapotranspiration for cool and warm season turfgrass under the region's conditions and crop coefficient curves regarding these method were generated. © 2019 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved.Öğe Irrigation Scheduling of Cool and Warm Season Turfgrass Irrigated with Sub-Drip Irrigation Method(Univ Namik Kemal, 2019) Ayanoğlu, Havva; Orta, A. HalimThe aim of this study is to determine the irrigation scheduling of cool-season and warm-season turfgrass species under sub-drip irrigation method. Field experiments were conducted in the experimental fields of Silivri municipality in Gumusyaka village located between boundaries of Tekirdag and Istanbul, during the summer of the 2017. In the study, three different irrigation strategies were applied on cool season and warm season turfgrass species. Experimental design was split-plots in randomized blocks design with three replications. In the experimental area, Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) was used as a warm season turf type and a four-part mixture was used as cool season turf type (30% Lolium perenne, 25% Festuca rubra rubra, 35% Festuca arundinacea and 10% Poa pratensis). Irrigation water was applied when approximately 30%, 50%, and 70% of readily available water at effective root zone of 30 cm was consumed and completed to the field capacity. Irrigation scheduling was planned according to changes of available soil moisture level in root zone. At the end of the study for cool season turfgrass types; the total amount of irrigation water applied in different irrigation strategies varied between 324,2 mm - 195,7 mm, seasonal evapotranspiration values varied between 382,7 mm - 260,2 mm, and daily evapotranspiration values varied between 5,38 mm day(-1) - 3,69 mm day(-1). As for warm season turfgrass types; same values varied between 298,6 mm - 117,1 mm; 357,9 mm - 180,4 mm; and 5,03 mm day(-1) - 2,53 mm day(-1), respectively. In conclusion, the effect of different irrigation levels on two different turfgrasses have been determined to be statistically significant. When factors such as amount of irrigation water applied, cutting frequency and quality under the region's conditions are evaluated together; it is suggested to start irrigation when 50% of the available water in effective root zone is consumed in cool season turfgrass and when 70% is consumed in warm season turfgrass. When suggested aspects are compared, it can be said that warm season turfgrass demands 43% less irrigation water and consumes 52% less water than cool season turfgrass. Blaney-Criddle method was found to be the most suitable estimation method for reference evapotranspiration for cool and warm season turfgrass under the region's conditions and crop coefficient curves regarding these method were generated.Öğe The Canopy Temperature Response to Vapor Pressure Deficit of Grapevine cv. Semillon and Razaki(Elsevier Science Bv, 2015) Ahi, Yeşim; Orta, A. Halim; Gündüz, Arzu; Gültaş, Hüseyin TevfikThe main objective of this study was to determine canopy-air temperature differential, which can be used to quantify crop water stress index (CWSI) for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) grown with drip irrigation during the spring cultivation period of 2005. Specifically, crop response to water loss, atmospheric temperature and air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum were examined to detect crop water stress. The effects of three irrigation programs (when depleted 30, 50 and 70% of the available water holding capacity within 0.90 m soil profile depth) on two grape cultivar (semillon and razaki) yields, and resulting CWSI were investigated. The non-irrigation treatment (NI) was also used for determination of fully stressed baseline. The lower (non-stressed) and upper (stressed) baselines were determined from measurements of canopy temperatures, ambient air temperatures and vapor pressure deficit values and the CWSI was calculated with three irrigation levels using the empirical approach. The CWSI value was useful for evaluating crop water stress in grapevine and should be useful for timing irrigation and predicting yield. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Öğe The Comparison of Water Distribution Patterns of Pop-Up Style Sprinklers Used in Landscape Irrigation(Univ Namik Kemal, 2018) Balci, Ferhan; Orta, A. HalimIn this study, water distribution of 4 different sprinkler heads (impact, gear drive, mp rotator, spray), used in landscape areas were determined for three different nozzles (small, medium, large) and for three different pressures (minimum, optimum, maximum). All measurements were performed with according to single head test method with three replicates in open field conditions. The Christiansen's uniformity coefficient (CU) and distribution uniformity coefficient (DU) values are calculated for different sprinkler designs in the windless conditions. As a result, the CU values were found as 65,1-91,7% for impact, 63,2-91,3% for gear drive, 66,3-86,5% for mp rotator and 33,3-98,6% for spray; DU values were found as 42,0-82,8%, 47,1-86,7%, 45,1-81,6% and 0-97,3% for the above mentioned heads, respectively.Öğe The comparison of water distribution patterns of pop-up style sprinklers used in landscape irrigation(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2018) Balcı, F.; Orta, A. HalimIn this study, water distribution of 4 different sprinkler heads (impact, gear drive, mp rotator, spray), used in landscape areas were determined for three different nozzles (small, medium, large) and for three different pressures (minimum, optimum, maximum). All measurements were performed with according to single head test method with three replicates in open field conditions. The Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (CU) and distribution uniformity coefficient (DU) values are calculated for different sprinkler designs in the windless conditions. As a result, the CU values were found as 65,1-91,7% for impact, 63,2-91,3% for gear drive, 66,3-86,5% for mp rotator and 33,3-98,6% for spray; DU values were found as 42,0-82,8%, 47,1-86,7%, 45,1-81,6% and 0-97,3% for the above mentioned heads, respectively. © 2017 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Toprak Altı Damla Sulama Yöntemi ile Sulanan Serin ve Sıcak İklim Çimlerinde Sulama Zamanı Planlaması(2019) Ayanoğlu, Havva; Orta, A. HalimBu çalışma, Tekirdağ koşullarında toprak altı damla sulama yöntemiyle sulanan serin ve sıcak iklim çim türlerinde, sulama zamanının planlanması amacıyla, Tekirdağ-İstanbul il sınırında Gümüşyaka köyünde yer alan Silivri belediyesine ait Tarımsal Üretim ve Araştırma Merkezi (TÜRAM) deneme alanında, 2017 yılı yaz döneminde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, çim türleri için üç farklı sulama düzeyi, tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde 3 tekerrürlü olarak denenmiştir. Denemede sıcak iklim çim bitkisi olarak Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), soğuk iklim çimlerini temsilen ise 4’lü karışım (%30 Lolium perenne, %25 Festuca rubra rubra, %35 Festuca arundinacea, %10 Poa pratensis) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada uygulanacak sulama konuları; etkili kök derinliğinde kullanılabilir su tutma kapasitesinin yaklaşık %30'u, %50'si ve %70'i tüketildiğinde sulamalara başlanması ve eksik nemin tarla kapasitesine tamamlanması şeklinde oluşturulmuştur. Sulama zamanının belirlenmesinde topraktaki nem miktarı değişimleri esas alınmıştır. Deneme sonunda serin iklim çim çeşitleri karışımında farklı sulama konularına uygulanan sulama suyu miktarları 324,2 mm – 195,7 mm; toplam bitki su tüketimi değerleri 382,7 mm – 260,2 mm; günlük bitki su tüketimleri değerleri ise; 5,38 mm gün-1 – 3,69 mm gün-1 arasında, sıcak iklim çiminde ise aynı değerler 298,6 mm – 117,1 mm; 357,9 mm – 180,4 mm; 5,03 mm gün-1 - 2,53 mm gün-1 arasında değişmiştir. Sonuç olarak, iki farklı çim türünde farklı sulama düzeylerinin, gelişim ve kalite unsurlarını istatistiksel açıdan önemli düzeyde etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Yöre koşullarında sulama suyu miktarı, biçim sıklığı ve kalite unsurları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, serin iklim çimlerinde kullanılabilir su tutma kapasitesinin %50'si tüketildiğinde, sıcak iklim çiminde ise kullanılabilir su tutma kapasitesinin %70'i tüketildiğinde sulamaya başlanması önerilmiştir. Önerilen konular kıyaslandığında, sıcak iklim çiminin serin iklim çimlerine göre %43 daha az sulama suyu talep ettiği ve %52 daha az su tükettiği belirlenmiştir. Yöre koşulları için, en uygun bitki su tüketimi tahmin eşitliğinin ise serin iklim ve sıcak iklim çimleri için Blaney-Criddle yöntemi olduğu saptanmış ve bu yöntemlere ilişkin bitki katsayısı eğrileri oluşturulmuştur.
