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    Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of the Lipophilic Extract of Cirsium vulgare
    (Mdpi, 2023) Kurc, Mine Aydin; Orak, Hakime Hulya; Gulen, Dumrul; Caliskan, Hilmican; Argon, Merve; Sabudak, Temine
    The aim of this study was to investigate the compounds in the hexane extract of Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten. and to determine the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of different extracts. The Cirsium vulgare (NGBB 7229) plant was collected from Turkey's Trakya region. Crude extracts were obtained using different solvents. The chemical composition of Cirsium vulgare was determined in hexane extract using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), the beta-carotene bleaching method, and the determination of superoxide anion scavenging activities. The antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, whereas the antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus fumigatus by applying microdilution methods. A total of 41 bioactive compounds were identified using the GC-MS library. Terpenoids were found to be dominant (52.89%), and lup-20(29)-en-3-yl-acetate and lupeol were the most abundant terpenoids. The highest total flavonoid content (25.73 mg catechin/g) and antioxidant capacity were found in the methanolic extract. The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Bacillus subtilis in the ethyl acetate extract, and the highest antifungal activity was found against Candida krusei and Aspergillus fumigatus in the hexane extract. The observed antioxidant characteristics of the C. vulgare extracts could be attributed to the presence of flavonoids. The high antifungal activity of the hexane extract against all fungal strains can be attributed to its constituents, i.e., terpenoids. This study discloses the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, including some bioactive components, of Cirsium vulgare and implies that Cirsium vulgare holds possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal agent.
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    Chemical Profile, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of Genista januensis subsp. lydia (Boiss.) Kit Tan & Ziel (Fabaceae)
    (Slovensko Kemijsko Drustvo, 2025) Argon, Merve; Sabudak, Temine; Yildirim, Buse Nur; Batar, Bahadir; Orak, Hakime Hulya; Yabas, Mehmet; Bostanci, Ayten
    The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer and antioxidant activities of Genista januensis subsp. lydia (Fabaceae) extracts and to isolate the phytochemical compounds responsible for these activities. The G. januensis plant was extracted by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The total phenolic/flavonoid content, antioxidant activities and anticancer activity were investigated by performing cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle analyses in crude extracts. We found that the EtOAc extract had the highest antioxidant and anticancer activities and this extract was selected for isolation studies. All purified flavonoid compounds from the EtOAc extract were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic methods and compared with the literature. A new biflavonoid 4 was isolated together with three known isoflavonoids (genistein (1), genistin (2) and 4'-hydroxyisoflavone (3)) from Genista januensis subsp. lydia (Fabaceae). MTT analysis of compounds 2, 3, and 4 was used to evaluate the anticancer activity. Compound 4 was invesigated for its antioxidant activities. These findings suggest that G. januensis subsp. lydia represents new potential natural sources of effective antiproliferative and antioxidant agents.