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    Changes in the Current Patterns of Beef Consumption and Consumer Behavior Trends-Cross-Cultural Study Brazil-Spain-Turkey
    (Mdpi, 2023) Magalhaes, Danielle Rodrigues; Çakmakçı, Cihan; Campo, Maria del Mar; Çakmakçı, Yusuf; Makishi, Fausto; Silva, Vivian Lara dos Santos; Trindade, Marco Antonio
    This cross-cultural study aimed to determine the main factors behind potential changes in eating habits by analyzing changes in the patterns of beef consumption currently observed in Brazil, Spain, and Turkey. To achieve this aim, 412 regular beef consumers from Brazil, 407 from Spain, and 424 from Turkey answered a self-administered questionnaire. The study surveyed the effects of economic factors, switching from beef to other sources of protein, aspects of credence, health-related concerns, the influence of lifestyle on beef consumption patterns, and purchasing decision factors. The most important factors that changed consumer behavior and resulted in a decrease in consumption, mostly among Brazilian and Turkish consumers, were the economics and accessibility of the products. Beef was replaced by other alternative sources of protein that were likewise derived from animals. The consumers whose purchasing intentions were most significantly influenced by credence factors (e.g., indiscriminate use of agricultural products, substandard animal welfare requirements, among others) were Brazilian and Turkish and, to a lesser degree, Spanish consumers. Lifestyle factors (e.g., consumption of out-of-home meals, available time to cook, among others) were demonstrated to alter consumption patterns and therefore must be carefully considered by the industry, taking into account cultural differences and consumer needs. The population under investigation considered that eating beef had no impact on their health.
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    Discovering the hidden personality of lambs: Harnessing the power of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) to predict temperament from facial images
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Çakmakçı, Cihan; Magalhaes, Danielle Rodrigues; Pacor, Vitor Ramos; Almeida, Douglas Henrique Silva de; Çakmakçı, Yusuf; Dalga, Selma; Szabo, Csaba
    The objective of this study was to define a more practical and reliable alternative to manual temperament classification methods that rely on the behavioral responses of animals individually subjected to various tests. Specifically, this study evaluated the correlation between facial image information and temperament based on deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) to predict the temperament of lambs based on their facial images. In the first phase, the lambs were categorized as to their temperament based on data acquired from a behavioral test to establish a ground truth for the temperament of the lambs. This enabled us to train (70%), validate (20%), and test (10%) deep-learning models in the second phase based on facial images and the corresponding temperament labels derived from the behavioral test. The performance of a custom deep convolutional neural network (C-DCNN) was compared to that of pre-trained VGG19 and Xception models for image classification. The Xception model achieved a training accuracy of 81%, which indicated that it learned well the underlying patterns in the data; however, lower validation (0.75) and test (0.58) accuracies indicate that it overfit the training data and did not generalize well to new samples. The VGG19 model, produced lower training (0.59), validation (0.46), and test (0.34) accuracies, which indicated that it did not learn the underlying patterns in the data as well as the Xception model. Furthermore, its precision (0.47), recall (0.42), and F1 score (0.41) indicated that the model performed poorly in identifying the classes correctly. The C-DCNN produced a moderate accuracy of 60%, which indicated that the model was able to predict the temperament traits of lambs with an accuracy of 60%, which was better than random guessing (33% accuracy), and demonstrated the potential of this approach in assessing temperament. The C-DCNN precision (0.69), recall (0.61) and F1 score (0.63) indicated that it had a moderate ability to correctly identify positive cases; however, the small size of the original dataset remains a limitation of the study because it might have caused the suboptimal performance of the models. To validate this approach, further research is needed based on a larger and more diverse dataset. We will continue to investigate the potential of deep learning and computer vision to predict animal personality traits from facial images based on large, diverse datasets, which might lead to more efficient and objective methods for assessing animal temperament and improving animal welfare. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.