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Öğe Detecting Water Stress and Irrigation Time in Viticulture from Stem's Water Content and Electrical Conductivity Measurements(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2014) Coşkun, Z.; Konukçu, FatihAbout 75% of accessible fresh water resources is used for irrigation with about 40% water use efficiency. It is possible to save considerable amounts of water by an efficient irrigation scheduling. Otherwise, excess water use may lead to environmental and economical problems. Therefore, a more accurate, sensitive, simple (farmer-friendly) and automatable method for monitoring of crops' water stress and irrigation time is vital. Methods based on monitoring plant water status are preferred to those measuring soil water status or climatic conditions. Because of the limitations in monitoring plant water status (particularly in orchard trees) in roots and leaves, stem water content measurement (theta(s)) is suggested. The objective of this research was to detect water stress and irrigation time in vines from stem water content (theta(s)) and electrical conductivity measurements (ECs) using TDR (Time-Domain Reflectometer) method. With this aim, four vines were selected and planted in the research area. A 70 mm long probe made from three rods of 1.7-mm diameter stainless steel at 50-mm spacing was installed in each stem. Probes were connected to a multiplexer by 8.0 m coaxial cables and to TDR by 1.0 m coaxial cables. ECs, theta(s) and tree stem temperatures were measured every 30 minutes parallel to soil water content and climatic parameters. Irrigation was performed when 70 % of the available water was consumed within 0-90 cm soil profile by replenishing to the field capacity. The relationship between soil water content and ECs and theta(s) were monitored between April-2011 and September-2011. Stem water content of vines increased significantly in early spring. Later, it fluctuated as a function of plant water stress or soil water status. While the soil water content varied between 18 and 28% between two irrigations, stem water contents changed between 14 and 18%. It gradually decreased towards the end of growing season and eventually gave a minimal response to soil water content variations. ECs and theta(s) produced the same trend. A statistically significant positive linear relationship was found between soil water content and ECs. This implies that ECs can be replaced with the stem as well as soil water content in detecting water stress and irrigation time.Öğe Detecting water stress and irrigation time in viticulture from stem's water content and electrical conductivity measurements(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2014) Coşkun, Z.; Konukçu, FatihAbout 75% of accessible fresh water resources is used for irrigation with about 40% water use efficiency. It is possible to save considerable amounts of water by an efficient irrigation scheduling. Otherwise, excess water use may lead to environmental and economical problems. Therefore, a more accurate, sensitive, simple (farmerfriendly) and automatable method for monitoring of crops' water stress and irrigation time is vital. Methods based on monitoring plant water status are preferred to those measuring soil water status or climatic conditions. Because of the limitations in monitoring plant water status (particularly in orchard trees) in roots and leaves, stem water content measurement (?s) is suggested. The objective of this research was to detect water stress and irrigation time in vines from stem water content (?s) and electrical conductivity measurements (ECs) using TDR (Time-Domain Reflectometer) method. With this aim, four vines were selected and planted in the research area. A 70 mm long probe made from three rods of 1.7-mm diameter stainless steel at 50-mm spacing was installed in each stem. Probes were connected to a multiplexer by 8.0 m coaxial cables and to TDR by 1.0 m coaxial cables. ECs, ?s and tree stem temperatures were measured every 30 minutes parallel to soil water content and climatic parameters. Irrigation was performed when 70 % of the available water was consumed within 0-90 cm soil profile by replenishing to the field capacity. The relationship between soil water content and ECs and ?s were monitored between April-2011 and September-2011. Stem water content of vines increased significantly in early spring. Later, it fluctuated as a function of plant water stress or soil water status. While the soil water content varied between 18 and 28% between two irrigations, stem water contents changed between 14 and 18%. It gradually decreased towards the end of growing season and eventually gave a minimal response to soil water content variations. ECs and ?s produced the same trend. A statistically significant positive linear relationship was found between soil water content and ECs. This implies that ECs can be replaced with the stem as well as soil water content in detecting water stress and irrigation time.Öğe Effect of irrigation with maritza and ergene rivers water on soil contamination and heavy metal accumulation in rice crop(National Centre for Agrarian Sciences, 2015) Kocaman, İsrafil; Konukçu, Fatih; İstanbulluoğlu, Ahmet; Albut, SelçukThis research was conducted to investigate the level of contamination in the soil and rice plants irrigated with Maritza and Ergene Rivers’ water contaminated by industrial and domestic wastewater. Whether heavy metal concentrations in the water, soil and plant reached to critical levels was examined. Waters from Maritza River, Ergene River and mixed of Maritza and Ergene Rivers were qualified as the 1st, 4th and 3rd class, respectively, according to the inland water quality classification in terms of heavy metal loads. While Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations of the soils of all research area were below the critical limit, Ni concentrations of the soil were found to be above the critical limit with the values between 32.1 and 43.8 ppm. Cadmium and Co contents of the soil were very small. As for the plants, heavy metals were mainly concentrated in the roots. Lead concentrations of the rice irrigated by Ergene and mixed of Maritza and Ergene rivers’ water changed between 0.25 and 0.35 ppm, which was above the critical level of 0.2 ppm suggested by Turkish Food Codex. © 2015, National Centre for Agrarian Sciences. All Rights reserved.Öğe Effects of Deficit Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Growth Components of Winter Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)(Natl Agricultural Research & Development Inst, 2016) Kocaman, İsrafil; İstanbulluoğlu, Ahmet; Konukçu, FatihA field study was carried out in order to determine the effect of deficit irrigation regimes on grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration and plant growth components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Thrace Region of Turkey. The field trials were conducted on a clay loam EntisoI soil, on Dincer, the most popular variety in the research area. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Combination of three well-known growth stages of the plant, namely vegetative (V), flowering (F) and yield formation (Y) were considered to form a total of 8 (including rain fed) irrigation treatments. The effect of irrigation and water stress at any stage of development on grain yield per hectare, thousand grains weight, and plant growth components were evaluated. Results showed that safflower was significantly affected by water stress during the sensitive vegetative stage. The highest yield was obtained in VFY treatment. Seasonal irrigation water use and evapotranspiration were 367 and 857 mm, respectively, for the non-stressed treatment. Safflower grain yield of this treatment was 3.68 t ha(-1) and weight of thousand grains was 46 g. The seasonal yield-water response factor value was 0.94. The total water use eff iciency was 4.3 kg ha(-1) mm(-1).Öğe Effects of water stress at different development stages on yield and water productivity of winter and summer safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)(Elsevier, 2009) İstanbulluoğlu, Ahmet; Göçmen, Erhan; Gezer, Erhan; Paşa, C.; Konukçu, FatihA field study was carried out to determine the effects of water stress imposed at different development stages on grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, crop-water relationships, yield response to water and water use efficiency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for winter and summer sowing. The field trials were conducted on a loam Entisol soil in Thrace Region in Turkey, using Dincer, the most popular safflower variety in the research area. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Three known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 8 (including rainfed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on grain yield per hectare and 1000 kernel weight, was evaluated. Results of this study showed that safflower was significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive vegetative stage. The highest yield was observed in the fully irrigated control and was higher for winter sowing than for summer sowing. Evapotranspiration calculated for non-stressed production was 728 and 673 mm for winter and summer sowing, respectively. Safflower grain yield of the fully irrigated treatments was 4.05 and 3.74 t ha(-1) for winter and summer season, respectively. The seasonal yield response factor was 0.97 and 0.81 for winter and summer sowing, respectively. The highest total water use efficiency was obtained in the treatment irrigated only at vegetative stage while the lowest value was observed when the crop was irrigated only at yield stage. As conclusions: (i) winter sowing is suggested; (ii) if deficit irrigation is to apply at only one or two stages, Y stage or Y and F stages should be omitted, respectively. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe İklim Değişikliğinin Trakya Bölgesi'nde Buğday Yetiştirilen Toprağın Nem Profiline Etkisinin Belirlenmesi(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2019) Deveci, H.; Konukçu, Fatih; Altürk, BahadırSoil water status is an important parameter in plant production as it affects directly plant growth and yield. Climate change is expected to change the soil water (SW) regime and increase its negative impact on the agricultural sector. Therefore, the effects of climate change on SW and thus on agricultural production should be studied. To determine the effect of climate change on SW profile, first, in the wheat cultivation area, the estimated soil water content by SWAP model for the climatic conditions of 2016- 2017 development period were compared with the measured values and the model was calibrated and tested. Then, the effect of the predicted climate change data by RegCM3 Regional Climate Model with A2 scenario for short (2020-2030), medium (2046-2055) and long-term (2076-2085) periods on SW regime was simulated. In the field studies conducted at Tekirdag Viticulture Research Institute, meteorological data were recorded by the meteorological station (Davis Vantage Pro2) whereas SW content at two points and three different depths (30, 60 and 90 cm) were monitored by soil moisture sensor (Meter Group ECH2O EC-5, Irrometer Model 200SS WATERMARK). The predicted SW contents data fitted well with the measured SW content data (daily average ME=0,82, r2=0,93, NRMSE=0,06). It is concluded that climate change will not cause significant soil moisture change to affect wheat yield in the research area. © 2019 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved.Öğe Land use/land cover change modelling of ergene river basin in Western Turkey using CORINE land use/land cover data(Eesti Pollumajandusulikool, 2017) Konukçu, Fatih; Albut, Selçuk; Altürk, BahadırLand use planning is a useful tool to find a balance among the competing and sometimes contradictory uses in order to achieve food security, economic growth, energy supply, nature conversation and other objectives. In this study, modelling land use/land cover change of Ergene River Basin in Western Turkey between the years of 1990 and 2012 was investigated. The CORINE land use/landcover data and ArcGIS software were used to detect land use/land cover change between the years, 1990–2000, 2000–2006 and 2006–2012. As a results, the artificial area (including settlement area and industrial zone) and water bodies increased by 39.4% and 47.9%, due to industrial development and new reservoirs construction, respectively, while wetlands and agricultural areas decreased by 1.1%, 1.0% and 32.1%, respectively. The change in the agricultural areas into industrial area corresponds to about 13,000 hectares, which is considered threatening not only natural resources but also food security since the basin has the most productive arable land of Turkey. © 2017, Eesti Pollumajandusulikool. All rights reserved.Öğe Measures to Protect Environmental Problems Caused by Animal Wastes in Rural Settlement Areas: A Case Study from Western Turkey(Medwell Online, 2011) Kocaman, İsrafil; Konukçu, Fatih; Öztürk, G.The objectives of this study were to investigate environmental pollutions by animal wastes from the livestock farms around the rural settlement areas to examine their consequences and finally to find practical solutions. To do this, 135 livestock farms in 45 different settlement areas (villages) were investigated. It was seen that 85.2% of the livestock farms were closer (1.0-500 m) to the residential area than they should be while 94.8% them disposed or stored their wastes carelessly in open places around the barns. Majority of the people (91.8%) living in the research area complained of uncomfortable smells and sights. Water samples collected from the water sources in theses villages showed that nitrite under harmless level, varying between 0.06 and 0.22 mg L-1 were detected in 54.5% of the sources but excess coliform bacteria (75-600 kob/100 mL) were observed in 27.2% of the samples. In order to prevent all theses environmental problems, small farms should be unified under a cooperative and shifted to a certain safe distance. Wastes from the farms should be stored in leakage proof stores and be used for biogas and organic fertiliser production. The biogas production potential of the research region is computed to be 23 483 275 m(3).Öğe Modeling land use/land cover change and mapping morphological fragmentation of agricultural lands in Thrace Region/Turkey(Springer, 2020) Altürk, Bahadır; Konukçu, FatihHuman factors such as development of new roads and urban and industrial areas have caused reduction and fragmentation of agricultural lands in Thrace Region as in many parts of the world over the past few decades. To minimize the negative impact of these anthropogenic activities, it is necessary to forecast spatiotemporal land use/land cover change and its effect on agricultural land fragmentation for future. In this study, first, land use/land cover change was simulated with CLUE-S model under three scenarios for 2050. Then, morphological fragmentation and disorder degree of agricultural lands were analyzed using land use/land cover change maps (1990 and 2014), simulation results (2050) and 1/25,000 Tekirdag Provincial Environmental Plan (2023). Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis and entropy methods were used to determine the spatiotemporal fragmentation degree in agricultural lands. Results of scenarios 1 and 2 demonstrate that urban areas will increase due to population growth, and increasing urban and industrial land sprawl will accelerate the decline and fragmentation of agricultural lands until 2050. However, loss and fragmentation of core agricultural lands for scenario 3 where the protection rules are applied will be less than scenarios 1 and 2. To mitigate further fragmentation in agricultural lands in the future, particularly artificial spatial development areas should be constructed on the zones with currently high entropy and fragmented small core pieces. This study, as a tool for performance review in regional planning, recommends a set of measures to control agricultural land fragmentation, such as more effective protection of remaining unfragmented areas.Öğe Modification of the Penman method for computing bare soil evaporation(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007) Konukçu, FatihThe Penman equation, which calculates potential evaporation, was modified by Staple (1974, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 38: 837) to include in it the relative vapour pressure h, of an unsaturated soil to predict actual evaporation from a soil surface. This improved the prediction when the difference between the temperature of the soil surface and ambient air is relatively small. The objectives of this study were (i) to revise it further using the actual temperature of the soil surface and air to provide the upper boundary condition in computing evaporative flux from the soil surface and (ii) to determine the range of water content for which the modified form of the Penman equation is applicable. The method adopted was tested by a series of outdoor experiments with a clay soil. The method of Staple (1974) overestimated the rate of evaporation above the water content 0.14 m(3) m(-3) (up to 30% deviation), whereas the new method agreed well with the measured rates (maximum 7% deviation). Below 0.14 m(3) m(-3) water content, both methods underestimated, but the Staple (1974) method deviated more from the measured values: the deviations were above 70% and around 30% for the Staple (1974) and the new methods respectively. Although the new method provided accurate solutions for a wider range of water content from saturation to the lower limit of the liquid phase of a particular soil, the modification did not respond to the vapour phase of the soil moisture. Therefore, in the dry range (i.e. in the vapour phase in which the flow was entirely as vapour), either resistance models or a Fickian equation should be used. Although the effect of salinity on the measured rates was significant, the model erroneously calculated the same rates for both saline and non-saline conditions. The effect of soil texture can easily be accounted by defining appropriate matric potential water content psi(m)(theta) and soil relative humidity water content h(s)(theta) relationships. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Öğe Mrrssw/Model of Rainfall-Runoff in Small Sub-Watershed(Scibulcom Ltd, 2013) İstanbulluoğlu, Ahmet; Konukçu, Fatih; Kocaman, İsrafil; Albut, Selçuk; Şener, M.; Sağlam, M.A hydrologic model called MRRSSW (or KAHYAM in Turkish) was developed to simulate surface runoff of small watershed, which small earth dams may be built on its creeks to store storm water during rainy season and make this water available in dry season. The model computes monthly surface runoff rates employing daily rainfall data. Curve number method of Soil Conservation Service (1972) is used to simulate surface runoff amounts whereas the Blaney and Criddle equation (1950) is used to calculate evapotranspiration. The developed model was tested in 2 small watersheds, namely, Kirklareli-Vize and Istanbul-Catalca-Damlica creeks. Comparison of the simulated surface runoff values with the long-term directly measured data revealed that the model simulated the runoff precisely in the months with relatively smaller surface runoff. However, it slightly over-predicted the runoff amounts in November and December when relatively higher runoff rates occurred. It was concluded that the model can be safely applied in similar small sub-basins to simulate rainfall-runoff relationship with an acceptable deviation.Öğe Probable water crisis in Thrace and Istanbul in the near future and a sustainable strategy to overcome it(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2007) Albut, Selçuk; İstanbulluoğlu, Ahmet; Konukçu, Fatih; Kocaman, İsrafilThe Thrace Region of Turkey, a passageway from Asia to Europe, which includes the most populated city of Istanbul, is threatened by a water crisis in the very near future. The population of Istanbul alone is forecast to reach 30 millions by the year 2025, requiring 3 billion m(3) of water, nearly equal to the total fresh water resources of the region, 3.4 billion m(3). In this study, we consider not only the proportion of the available water resources to be allocated for each competing sector, civil, agriculture and industry, but also attempt to outline integrated water management strategies for each sector. The potential of small earth reservoirs, more than 1,500 in number, is emphasised as a way to develop fresh water resources. Water saving policies in the cities and ethics for water use are also briefly discussed.Öğe The effects of deficit irrigation regimes on yield andgrowth components of winter safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)(National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea., 2016) Kocaman, İsrafil; İstanbulluoğlu, Ahmet; Konukçu, FatihA field study was carried out in order to determine the effect of deficit irrigation regimes on grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration and plant growth components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Thrace Region of Turkey. The field trials were conducted on a clay loam Entisol soil, on Dincer, the most popular variety in the research area. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Combination of three well-known growth stages of the plant, namely vegetative (V), flowering (F) and yield formation (Y) were considered to form a total of 8 (including rain fed) irrigation treatments. The effect of irrigation and water stress at any stage of development on grain yield per hectare, thousand grains weight, and plant growth components were evaluated. Results showed that safflower was significantly affected by water stress during the sensitive vegetative stage. The highest yield was obtained in VFY treatment. Seasonal irrigation water use and evapotranspiration were 367 and 857 mm, respectively, for the non-stressed treatment. Safflower grain yield of this treatment was 3.68 t ha-1 and weight of thousand grains was 46 g. The seasonal yield-water response factor value was 0.94. The total water use efficiency was 4.3 kg ha-1 mm-1. © 2016, Romanian Agricultural Research. All right reserved.Öğe Trakya Bölgesi’nde İklim Değişikliğinin Buğday Verimine Etkisinin AquaCrop ve WOFOST Modeller ile Tahmin Edilmesi(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2020) Konukçu, Fatih; Deveci, H.; Altürk, BahadırSince climate change will adversely affect the agricultural sector as well as many other sectors, the effects of climate change on agricultural production should be estimated and necessary measures should be taken. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of climate change on wheat yield in the short (2020-2030), medium (2046-2055) and long (2076-2085) term periods in the Thrace Region using AquaCrop and WOFOST models. RegCM3 Regional Climate Model, reference and A2 scenario outputs were used to predict climate change. In the 1970- 1990 period, the measured temperature and precipitation data measured in the research area were compared with the model reference data and changes were estimated in the short, medium and long term periods. Wheat yields obtained from farmer fields in three different locations (Akincilar, Sofular, Çövenli) in Çorlu Pinarbasi sub-basin in 2016-2017 growing period were compared with the model prediction in order to do the calibration and yields were forecasted in the future periods. As a result, in the short term, an average 0.27°C decrease in temperature were forecasted whereas 1,43 °C and 3,05 °C increase were estimated for medium and long terms, respectively when compared to model reference years. In total rainfall, 87 mm (13%) increase, 91 mm (14%) and 78 mm (12%) decreases were simulated for the short, medium and long-terms. AquaCrop Model predicted yield increases up to 50% in Akincilar and Çövenli and yield decreases of 6% - 34% in Sofular whereas WOFOST Model predicted increases of 40% in Akincilar and 12% in Sofular and decrease up to 2 - 7% in Çövenli. © 2020 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved.
