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    Application of a Bio-waste Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) Husks Adsorbent for Removal of Metanil Yellow and Methylene Blue from Aqueous Media with Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2024) Kocabiyik, Baris; Bayrak, Yuksel
    In this study, the activated carbon (TmAC) with a high surface area and appropriate pore distribution was produced from einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) husks by using ZnCl2 with chemical activation method. The efficiency of the obtained activated carbon on the adsorption of anionic (metanil yellow) and cationic (methylene blue) dyestuffs from aqueous solutions was investigated in more detail. In addition, the surface characterization of activated carbon was performed using thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas, N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, pore volumes, pore size distributions, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectra. The highest surface area of activated carbon was measured as 1321 m(2) g(-1) at the carbonization temperature of 500 degrees C by using impregnation ratio (w/w = 2.0). Batch method was used in adsorption experiments. The parameters affecting the adsorption studies such as adsorbent concentration, initial dye concentration, adsorption time, temperature, and pH were investigated. The adsorption mechanisms of metanil yellow (MY) and methylene blue (MB) on activated carbon were explained by using isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich), kinetic models (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order), and the thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy).
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    Diclofenac sodium adsorption in aqueous media by activated carbon obtained from einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) husk
    (Springer, 2024) Kocabiyik, Baris; Uner, Osman; Gecgel, Uenal
    The uncontrolled release of waste diclofenac with low biodegradability is considered to be a potential threat for the environment and creatures. To find effective solution for this issue, this study reports the adsorption performance of diclofenac sodium salt (DCF) by using activated carbon (EHAC) obtained from einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) husk in aqueous solution under various circumstances. It was found that DCF adsorption on EHAC was highly solution pH dependent, and DCF adsorption by EHAC decreased with increasing adsorption temperature. Equilibrium data showed that fitted isotherm model with the experiment results of DCF adsorption on EHAC followed the order of Langmuir > Temkin > Freundlich > Dubinin-Radushkevich. Adsorption capacity of EHAC for DCF adsorption in aqueous solution was calculated to be 147.06 mg/g at 25 degrees C. The adsorption kinetic of DCF adsorption on EHAC was determined to obey the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. By utilizing FTIR and pH data obtained from DCF adsorption on EHAC, DCF adsorption mechanisms with some interactions such as pi-pi stacking, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding were suggested at diverse pH values. Additionally, intraparticle diffusion model was applied to kinetic results to further recognize the kinetic mechanism of DCF adsorption on EHAC. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters for DCF adsorption on EHAC were calculated and evaluated, in which DCF adsorption process by EHAC was determined to be exothermic, spontaneous, and feasible.