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    Sex Estimation From Measurements of the Mastoid Triangle and Volume of the Mastoid Air Cell System Using Classical and Machine Learning Methods
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024) Sasani, Hadi; Etli, Yasin; Tastekin, Burak; Hekimoglu, Yavuz; Keskin, Siddik; Asirdizer, Mahmut
    Previous studies on the sexual dimorphism of the mastoid triangle have typically focused on linear and area measurements. No studies in the literature have used mastoid air cell system volume measurements for direct anthropological or forensic sex determination. The aims of this study were to investigate the applicability of mastoid air cell system volume measurements and mastoid triangle measurements separately and combined for sex estimation, and to determine the accuracy of sex estimation rates using machine learning algorithms and discriminant function analysis of these data. On 200 computed tomography images, the distances constituting the edges of the mastoid triangle were measured, and the area was calculated using these measurements. A region-growing algorithm was used to determine the volume of the mastoid air cell system. The univariate sex determination accuracy was calculated for all parameters. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed for sex estimation. Multiple machine learning methods have also been used. All measurements of the mastoid triangle and volumes of the mastoid air cell system were higher in males than in females. The accurate sex estimation rate was determined to be 79.5% using stepwise discriminant function analysis and 88.5% using machine learning methods.
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    Sex estimation from sacrum and coccyx with discriminant analyses and neural networks in an equally distributed population by age and sex
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2019) Etli, Yasin; Asirdizer, Mahmut; Hekimoğlu, Yavuz; Keskin, Siddik; Yavuz, Alpaslan
    Sex estimation is an essential step in the process of the identification of the skeletal remains in forensic anthropology since it reduces the number of possible matches by half. In this study, sex estimation with 21 sacral and coccygeal metric parameters obtained from Computerized Tomography images of a Turkish population which consists of 480 patients that are equalized according to their sexes and ages, is performed. Univariate discriminant analysis, linear discriminant function analysis, stepwise discriminant function analysis, and multilayer perceptron neural networks are used in this study. A maximum of 67.1% accuracy for univariate discriminant analysis, 82.5% for linear discriminant function analysis, 78.8% for stepwise discriminant function analysis, and 86.3% for multilayer perceptron neural networks, were achieved. Although it does not reach an acceptable accuracy rate of 95% or more for sacrum and coccyx, sex estimation with neural networks is a promising field of research in corpses where identification is otherwise not possible, and further studies with other bones and with new techniques might give useful information. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Sex Estimation From the Paranasal Sinus Volumes Using Semiautomatic Segmentation, Discriminant Analyses, and Machine Learning Algorithms
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Hekimoglu, Yavuz; Sasani, Hadi; Etli, Yasin; Keskin, Siddik; Tastekin, Burak; Asirdizer, Mahmut
    The aims of this study were to determine whether paranasal sinus volumetric measurements differ according to sex, age group, and right-left side and to determine the rate of sexual dimorphism using discriminant function analysis and machine learning algorithms. The study included paranasal computed tomography images of 100 live individuals of known sex and age. The paranasal sinuses were marked using semiautomatic segmentation and their volumes and densities were measured. Sex determination using discriminant analyses and machine learning algorithms was performed. Males had higher mean volumes of all paranasal sinuses than females (P < 0.05); however, there were no statistically significant differences between age groups or sides (P > 0.05). The paranasal sinus volumes of females were more dysmorphic during sex determination. The frontal sinus volume had the highest accuracy, whereas the sphenoid sinus volume was the least dysmorphic. In this study, although there was moderate sexual dimorphism in paranasal sinus volumes, the use of machine learning methods increased the accuracy of sex estimation. We believe that sex estimation rates will be significantly higher in future studies that combine linear measurements, volumetric measurements, and machine-learning algorithms.
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    The effect of altitude and climate on the suicide rates in Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Asirdizer, Mahmut; Kartal, Erhan; Etli, Yasin; Tatlisumak, Ertugrul; Gümüş, Orhan; Hekimoğlu, Yavuz; Keskin, Siddik
    Suicide is one of the most important public health problems. There was an association between suicide and several factors such as psychiatric diseases and psychological characteristics, somatic illness, cultural, socioeconomic, familial, occupational and individual risk factors. Also, high altitude and climatic factors including high temperature, cloudiness, more sunshine and low rainfalls were defined as some of these risk factors in the literature. In this study, we aimed to investigate correlation between suicide rates and altitudes of all cities in Turkey and between suicide rates and climatic factors including Rainfall Activity Index, Winter Mean Temperatures, Summer Mean Temperatures and Temperature Difference between January and July previously defined by several authors in the broad series in Turkey. In Turkey, 29865 suicidal deaths occurred in 10 years period between 2006 and 2015. Of them, 21020 (70.4%) were males and 8845 (29.6%) were females. In this study, we found that high altitude above 1500 m, winter median temperature lower than - 10 degrees C and hard temperature changes above 25 degrees C between winter and summer of settlements were important factors that affected on female suicide rates appropriate to knowledge which defined in previous studies. In conclusion, we suggested that the associations among suicide rates with altitudes and climate should be studied in wider series obtained from different countries for reaching more reliable results.