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Öğe Chloroplast DNA variation and pollen contamination in a Pinus brutia Ten. clonal seed orchard: implication for progeny performance in plantations(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2014) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NurayPollen contamination is one of the important factors affecting the yield, adaptability, and genetic quality of the seed produced from seed orchards in forest tree breeding programs. Incoming pollen from the forests surrounding the seed orchard is a major concern in tree breeding because it contributes to losses in the expected genetic gains from seed orchard crops. The genetic variation and the level of pollen contamination in a 16-year-old Pinus brutia Ten. first-generation clonal seed orchard was studied using chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs). In total, 23 alleles and 36 unique allelic combinations (haplotypes) were detected based on the 6 cpSSR loci analyzed. The haplotypic diversity of the clones in the seed orchard was found to be 0.849. Out of 300 embryos analyzed, 87 were not compatible with any male parent within the seed orchard. Thus, 29% of the embryos were sired by pollen sources outside the orchard (i.e. apparent contamination). Microsatellite-based analysis revealed that the estimated contamination rate was 39.3%. Background pollination at this level will cause losses of 20% in the expected genetic gains. Our findings are valuable for the assessment of the intended seed orchard function, i.e. provision of genetically improved seed. It may be worthwhile to use pollen management strategies like strobilus stimulation, controlled pollination, and supplemental mass pollination to decrease pollen contamination and increase the genetic quality of the seeds produced.Öğe Genetic Diversity Among Pinus Sylvestris L. Populations and Its Implications for Genetic Conservation: Comparison of Nuclear and Chloroplast Microsatellite Markers(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NurayScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most widely distributed forest trees belonging to Pinaceae family in the world. The most southern distribution of its populations is located in Turkey. In this study, altitudinal genetic variation in P. sylvestris populations was determined via cpSSR and nSSR markers. Cones were gathered from 149 trees in five populations that represent five different elevational zones from sea level to 2250 meters in Turkey. A total of 32 alleles were determined for analyzed six cpSSR loci. The cpSSR alleles were formed 87 different haplotypes. The percentage of unique haplotypes was 65.52%. The results of AMOVA showed that the genetic diversity within populations was very high (99.8% for cpSSR and 98.3% for nSSR). Even though the studied populations are peripheral (the most southern ones in the distribution area of Scots pine), their genetic variation is still high. The results suggest that high priority should be given to peripheral populations for in situ conservation activities, as long as they have high genetic variation, because of their potential for adaptation to changing environments. The most suitable populations for forestry practices should be selected with strong emphasis on geographic location and elevation gradients.Öğe Microsatellite Markers: The Efficient Method for the Determination of Pollen Contamination in Conifer Seed Orchards(2023) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NuraySeed orchards are specialized forest plantations of genetically superior candidate parents selected to produce genetically superior seeds and/or seedlings. Pollen contamination is one of the most important factors affecting the yield, adaptation, and genetic quality of seeds produced from seed orchards in forest tree breeding programs. Potential pollen from forests surrounding the seed orchard is a major concern in tree breeding because it contributes to the loss in genetic gains expected from seed orchard crops. Microsatellite markers are among the most effective markers that are frequently used for creating genetic maps of many species, determining genetic diversity, identifying genetic diseases, population genetic studies, linkage analysis, fingerprint analysis, genotyping, and parental identification. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was performed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the articles published in the last 25 years on seed orchards and pollen contamination. Searching the Web of Science (WOS) with the criteria of “forest trees” and “seed orchards” revealed that 820 articles were published in the last 25 years. It is seen that 77 of these articles are related to pollen contamination. Canada, China, Japan, Sweden, and the USA have been the top contributors to research on pollen contamination in seed orchards of forest trees in the last 25 years, respectively. According to the data obtained, it has been shown that the genetic contamination level of forest tree species in seed orchards is generally between 5% and 90%. It has been determined that microsatellite markers are more widely used in recent years to determine the degree of pollen migration and genetic contamination. It was concluded that studies on pollen contamination were carried out in only two Turkish red pine orchards in Türkiye, which has a total of 189 seed orchards, the majority of which belong to conifers, and that similar studies should be planned in other seed orchards.Öğe Use of Nssr Markers for Determination of Clonal Identity and Genetic Structure in A Pinus Brutia Ten. Clonal Seed Orchard(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Bilgen, Behiye Banu; Kaya, NurayDetermination of clonal identity of seed orchard clones is required for the forest tree breeding programs, mating system and pollen contamination studies. Clonal identity and genetic structure in a Pinus brutia Ten. clonal seed orchard were analyzed by 5 nSSR loci (ITPH4516, FRPP94, PEST2669, NZPR544 and EPI3). Needles from 5 ramets per clone (totally 30 clones) were sampled from the seed orchard for microsatellite analysis. Considering the studied ramets of the P. brutia seed orchard clones, all the studied nSSR loci revealed polymorphism. nSSR analysis clearly indicate that the possible multigenotype number of the seed orchard clones (30) was 13 with 7 of these being unique. 39 out of 150 ramets (26%) did not completely match with the genotypes of their supposedly related clones. In 9 out of the 30 clones, all 5 ramets matched each other and in 10 out of the 30 clones, 1 of the 5 ramets did not match the other 4 ramets. This indicates these ramets were mis-lanted or mislabeled during and/or before planting in the orchard. We conclude that genetic identification of orchard ramets seems to be necessary before beginning mating system, pollen contamination studies and forest tree breeding programs.
