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    Diagnosis and treatment of umbilical cord-derived tetanus in neonatal calves
    (Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2017) Altuğ, Nuri; Yüksek, Nazmi; Karasu, Abdullah; İlhan, Fatma; Ceylan, Ebubekir; Ekin, İsmail Hakki; Arslan, Sezai
    In this study, umbilical cord-derived neonatal tetanus in calves was identified in Turkey. Four calves with tetanus-specific history and clinical findings were used. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, and clinical findings were recorded. A tetanus-specific treatment procedure was performed. However, the calves died from not responding to treatment. Pretreatment white blood cell, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined to be high. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, CK, and LDH activities were found to increase after treatment compared to before treatment. Gram-positive terminal spore-forming bacilli were observed in bacterioscopic examination of the necrotic tissue and swab samples from the umbilical cord region. The umbilical cord region was determined to be infected in all calves. In histopathological examination, pyogranuloma formation was observed in the wound area, and in Gram staining agents morphologically concordant with Clostridium tetani in necrotic material were observed. Blood serum of the calves was inoculated into mice. All mice died within 2 days after the inoculation, showing tetanus-specific clinical findings. As a result, bacterioscopy and histopathology of the umbilical cord region may be useful for diagnosis in addition to clinical findings. Mice trials may be used in confirming the diagnosis.
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    Evaluation of the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam using clinical and laboratory parameters in rabbits
    (Polish Soc Veterinary Sciences Editorial Office, 2018) Karasu, Abdullah; Altuğ, Nuri; Aslan, Logman; Bakir, Bahtiyar; Yüksek, Nazmi
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine (XK), xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam (XTZ) and tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) using hematological and biochemical parameters in rabbits. A total of 18 rabbits were divided into three equal treatment groups (n = 6). The rabbits in the XK, XTZ, and TZ groups were administered xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (50 mg/kg), xylazine (5 mg/kg) and TZ (15 mg/kg), and TZ (15 mg/kg), respectively, via the intramuscular route. Following the injection, their reflexes were tested every 5 minutes. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature were determined before the injection (0 min) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min after injecting the anesthetic combinations. Furthermore, hematological and biochemical (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and urea) analyses were also performed before, during, and after anesthesia administration. The duration of anesthesia and loss of reflexes were significantly longer in the XTZ group than in the other groups. However, in the TZ group, reflexes were remained. Respiratory rate and body temperature decreased in all the groups. Moreover, heart rate reduced only in the XK and XTZ groups, and the hematological parameters of all groups were comparable. Serum AST and ALP levels increased in the XTZ group compared to that in the XK and TZ groups, respectively. However, these increases were within the reference limits. The post-anesthesia serum BUN and urea levels significantly increased in the XTZ group (p < 0.05) compared to that in the other groups. Thus, although the XTZ combination provided satisfactory anesthetic effect in rabbits, it may be nephrotoxic. Therefore, its use for anesthesia induction in invasive renal procedures and experimental nephrotoxicity studies is not advisable.
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    Konjenital Amorozisli Buzağılarda Serum Retinol, Alfa-tokoferol, Kolekalsiferol ve Bazı Mineral Madde Düzeyleri
    (2018) Karasu, Abdullah; Altuğ, Nuri
    Bu çalışmada konjenital amorozisli buzağılarda serum vitamin ve mineral madde düzeylerinin konjenital defektleilişkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini klinik olarak konjenital amorozis tanısı konan 17 buzağı (çalışma grubu) ve klinik olarak sağlıklı 15 buzağı (kontrol grubu) oluşturdu. Buzağıların anamnezi alındıktan sonra genel fiziksel muayeneleri ve göz muayeneleri yapıldı. Amorozis tanısı; buzağıların görme muayenesinde tehdit testinin negatif, engel testinin pozitif, dilate olmuş pupillanın varlığı ve pupillar refleksin bulunmaması ile konuldu. Tüm buzağılardan biyokimyasal analizler için kan örnekleri alındı ve serumları çıkarıldı. Serum retinol (vitamin A), alfa tokoferol (vitamin E), kolekalsiferol (vitamin D) ve mineral madde (kalsiyum, magnezyum, bakır, demir, çinko ve mangan) düzeyleri ölçüldü. Amorozisli buzağılarda sağlıklı kontrol grubu buzağılara göre; serum vitamin A ve çinko düzeyleri düşük, bakır, demir ve mangan düzeyleri ise yüksek olarak belirlendi. Diğer vitamin (D, E) ve mineral madde düzeylerinde ise farklılık saptanmadı. Sonuç olarak; amorozisin etiyopatogenezinde serum vitamin A ve çinko düzeylerindeki eş zamanlı azalmaların rol oynadığı belirlendi. Bu nedenle Van yöresi gibi karasal iklim görülen ve fakir yeşil bitki örtüsüne sahip bölgelerde gebeliğin özellikle son 1/3 döneminde anneye paranteral vitamin A uygulamasıve rasyona ise çinko ilavesinin yararlı olacağı kanısına varılmıştır.