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Öğe Can transcription factors in the intervertebral disc of lopinavir/ritonavir prevent degeneration in the nucleus pulposus by mediating the regulation of inflammation through signaling pathways?(Verduci Editore s.r.l, 2022) Yılmaz, İbrahim; Akalan, Hande; Karaarslan, Numan; Şirin, Duygu Yaşar; Kaplan, Nuray; Doğan, Mustafa; Ateş, OğuzOBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine whether lopinavir/ritonavir (Lop/r), an HIV protease inhibitor, can improve disc physiology and slow down intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration through in vitro experimental methods, as well as whether it can suppress inflammation with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?) and sex-determining region Y (SRY) protein-related high-mobility group box genes-9 (SOX9) through hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1?) and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-?B) signaling pathway. The aim was to investigate whether Lop/r application is toxic to IVD cells and the microenvironment simultaneously. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Human primary cell cultures were prepared using herniated IVD tissues obtained from patients with lumbar disc hernia who were unresponsive to conservative and medical treatment, and thereby, were operated on. The untreated culture samples served as control group, and the samples treated with Lop/r served as study group. Microscopic evaluations were performed simultaneously using fluorescent and supravital dyes in all groups. In addition to cell viability, toxicity, and proliferation analysis through a commercial kit, IL-1?, SOX9, HIF-1?, and NF-?B protein expressions were evaluated using Western blotting. In the statistical comparison of the obtained data, an alpha value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Cell proliferation decreased in the Lop/r group, but no cell death was observed (p < 0.05). Moreover, at the end of 72 hours after Lop/r application, IL-1? and NF-kB protein expressions decreased by 40% and 52%, respectively, while HIF-1? and SOX9 protein expressions increased by 4% and 59%, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although these data were obtained from an in vitro experimental study, it is believed that these findings could make significant contributions to the pharmaco-regenerative treatment modalities of IVD degeneration. Lop/r suppresses the IL-1? and NF-?B and induces SOX9 and HIF-1?, since these signaling pathways may be related to human IVD degeneration. © 2022 Verduci Editore s.r.l. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist on inflammation and degeneration of the nucleus pulposus(Verduci Publisher, 2022) Yılmaz, İbrahim; Akalan, Hande; Şirin, Duygu Yaşar; Karaarslan, Numan; Kaplan, Nuray; Özbek, HanefiOBJECTIVE: The study aimed to examine the effects of two drugs, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) and an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, on degenerated annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure in vitro. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tissue samples were obtained from patients with intervertebral disc herniation (four males and four females; classified as Pfirmann stage IV) and used to prepare cell cultures. Untreated cell culture samples served as the control group. Study group samples were treated with donepezil, memantine or a combination of the two drugs. Cell viability, toxicity and proliferation were evaluated in all groups. Western blotting was used to examine changes in protein expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phospho-STAT3 (ser727), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD) leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The alpha significance value was < 0.05. RESULTS: Analysis of the microscopy and commercial kit results revealed that cell proliferation was suppressed. and no cell death was observed. The protein expression levels of NLRP3, STAT3, ser727 and HIF-1 alpha were lower in the samples treated with donepezil and memantine at 72 h (p < 0.05). The protein expression levels of NLRP3, STAT3, ser727 and HIF-1 alpha were higher in the samples treated with the combination of donepezil and memantine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combined administration of memantine a NMDAR antagonist which can prevent neurodegeneration and donepezil an AChEI used for pain relief increased the protein expression levels in the anabolic pathway. However, it did not reduce the protein expression levels in the catabolic pathway. Therefore, further studies are needed to provide extensive insight into whether it may be among the potential targets for the therapy of intervertebral disc (IVD) diseases.Öğe Evaluation of Calciferol, Cobalamin, and Stromelysin-1 in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy due to Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus(College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2022) Bilir, Bülent; Yılmaz, İbrahim; Karaarslan, Numan; Bilir, B.E.; Kaplan, Nuray; Özbek, HanefiObjective: To evaluate the relationship between calciferol (vitamin D), cobalamin (vitamin-B12), and Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) circulating levels in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), patients with DM type 2 (T2DM) without neuropathy, and healthy control groups. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Internal Medicine, Namik Kemal University of Medicine, Tekirdag, Turkey, between November 2020 and February 2022. Methodology: Healthy, age, and gender matched volunteers who were admitted to the hospital for a check-up with no health problem constituted the control group (n=30). Cases diagnosed with T2DM (n=30) and those with DPN (n=30) comprised the experimental group. Stromelysin-1, calciferol, and cobalamin levels were analysed from blood samples from all groups using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a commercial kit. Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test was performed after one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for intergroup comparisons. Alpha significance level was accepted as <0.05. Results: There were significant differences in terms of the stromelysin-1, calciferol, and cobalamin levels of both the T2DM and DPN groups compared to healthy volunteers. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.00). There was a very weak negative correlation between stromelysin-1 and calciferol (p=0.972, r=-0.007) and a weak negative correlation between cobalamin and stromelysin-1 (p=0.062, r=-0.345) in DPN patients, without statistical significance. Conclusion: Serum stromelysin-1 expression may be related to DPN progression in diabetic patients and may be a potential marker in DPN. Calciferol and cobalamin levels may also be important in the development of DPN. © 2022 College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. All rights reserved.Öğe Üniversite öğrencilerinin şekerli içecek tüketim eğilimleri üzerine bir araştırma: Enstitüler örneği(Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2020) Kaplan, Nuray; Oraman, YaseminSon yıllarda, dünya genelinde şekerli içecek tüketimi ve onun insan sağlığı üzerine etkilerine ilişkin birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda, şekerli içecek tüketiminin insanlarda başta obezite olmak üzere kalp hastalıkları, Tip 2 diyabet ve yüksek tansiyon gibi birçok önemli hastalığa neden olabileceği belirlenmiştir. Bu içecekler doğal kaynaklı olmayan tatlandırıcı, meyve konsantresi ve mısır şurubu gibi insan sağlığı için zararları bulunan eklenti şekerler içermektedir. Şekerli içecek tüketimi üzerine etkili stres, aile hayatı ve sosyal medya gibi faktörlere karşı en büyük risk grubunu ise çocuklar ve gençler oluşturmaktadır. Üniversite hayatı öğrencilere özgür bir yaşam sunmakla birlikte aileden ayrı kalma, yalnız ya da toplu yaşama alışma, sınav ve ders geçme kaygısı gibi birçok stres faktörünü de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu durum, öğrencilerin gerek yaşam tarzlarında gerekse beslenme davranışlarında önemli değişikliklere neden olmaktadır. Böylelikle, bu çalışma sadece üniversite öğrencilerinin şekerli içecek tüketim eğilimleri ve üzerine etkili faktörleri belirlemeyi değil aynı zamanda bu konuyla ilgili olan farkındalıklarını da değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Enstitülernde eğitim gören 385 üniversite öğrencisiyle bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler öğrencilerin şekerli içecek tüketim eğilimlerindeki farklar, ki kare, t- testi yardımıyla analizi edilmiştir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin şekerli içecek tüketim eğilimlerini etkileyen faktörler Binary Lojistik Regresyon Analizinde bağımsız değişkenler olarak modellere dahil edilmiştir.
