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    DROUGHT STRESS IN WHEAT: MECHANISMS, EFFECTS AND MITIGATION THROUGH VERMICOMPOST
    (Pakistan Botanical Society, 2025) Ahmad, Ali; Aslam, Zubair; Awan, Tahir Hussain; Syed, Sairah; Hussain, Saddam; Hussain, Sadam; Bellitürk, Korkmaz
    Climate change has increased the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses that steadily affected the crop growth and developmental processes. Drought is one of the worst abiotic stresses, affecting 40-70% of the global arable land. In recent years, a variety of genetic, molecular, and agronomic approaches have been developed to mitigate drought's negative effects. Among agronomic approaches, the use of vermicompost is reported to improve wheat growth and development while reducing the deleterious impact of drought stress. This review emphasizes the ramifications of drought stress on plant growth, water and nutrient interactions, photosynthesis, phenology, assimilate partitioning, and respiration. The physiological, morphological, and molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in plants are described in detail. To combat drought stress tolerance, various management practices have been suggested. Drought stress decreases leaf area, stem elongation, and root multiplication, disrupts plant water relations and decreases water-use efficiency. Plants respond to prevalent drought stress in various biochemical and physiological ways; reduced water losses due to enhanced diffusive resistance, increased water absorption and efficient usage due to deep and extensive root systems, and smaller and succulent leaves to minimize transpirational losses are the major mechanism adapted by crop plants. Vermicompost, with a porous structure, encompasses high water storage potential, increase growth hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberlins, plant growth regulators, and contains high levels of macro and micro-nutrients and beneficial fungi, plays significant and positive impact on plant growth and development, particularly under environmental stresses. © 2025, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.
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    Enhancing Wheat Crop Resilience to Drought Stress through Cellulolytic Microbe-Enriched Cow Dung Vermicompost
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Ahmad, Ali; Aslam, Zubair; Abbas, Rana Nadeem; Belliturk, Korkmaz; Hussain, Saddam; Hussain, Sadam; Ahmad, Muhammad
    Background: Wheat, an important cereal crop, is commonly cultivated in arid and semiarid areas, and therefore, it often experiences water deficit conditions. The consequences of induced stress on wheat can be mitigated through vermicompost amendments. To address drought stress on wheat seedlings, a pot experiment was conducted in the wire-house in which two contrasting wheat cultivars, Faisalabad-08 (drought-tolerant) and Galaxy-13 (drought-sensitive), were exposed to three water level conditions: well-watered [D0, 70% of field capacity (FC)], moderate drought (D1, 45% FC), and severe drought (D2, 30% FC). Four rates of vermicompost, derived from cow dung enriched with cellulolytic microbes, were applied (VT0, control; VT1, 4 t ha(-1); VT2, 6 t ha(-1); and VT3, 8 t ha(-1)) to the experiment. Data on various physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic antioxidants were recorded. Results: Our results demonstrated that the drought treatments significantly reduced nutrient accumulation, chlorophyll and SPAD values, and carotenoid content in both cultivars where the maximum reduction was recorded for severe drought stress. Nonetheless, the application of vermicompost significantly improved these traits, and statistically maximum chlorophyll contents, SPAD value, and total carotenoid contents were observed for VT1 in both cultivars under drought treatments. While the lowest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were recorded for untreated replicated pots. Among the cultivars, Faisalabad-08 exhibited greater resistance to drought, as evidenced by higher values of the aforementioned traits compared to Galaxy-13. Soil-applied vermicompost also showed a positive influence on antioxidant enzyme activities in both wheat cultivars grown under well-watered as well as water-scarce conditions. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that drought conditions substantially decreased the enzymatic antioxidants and physiological and biochemical attributes of the wheat crop. However, soil-applied vermicompost, particularly at an optimum rate, had a positive impact on the wheat seedlings under drought conditions. Moving forward, exploring the potential of utilizing cellulolytic microbe-enriched cow dung vermicompost stands as a promising avenue to mitigate the detrimental effects of water stress on wheat. Further research in this direction could offer substantial insights into enhancing wheat resilience and productivity under water stress conditions.
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    Soil Application of Wheat Straw Vermicompost Enhances Morpho-Physiological Attributes and Antioxidant Defense in Wheat Under Drought Stress
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Ahmad, Ali; Aslam, Zubair; Hussain, Saddam; Javed, Talha; Hussain, Sadam; Bashir, Safdar; Hessini, Kamel
    With the provoked environmental constraints under extreme climatic events, a better understanding of plant responses to these environmental stresses helps in obtaining sustainable productivity. Wheat is a significant cereal crop for the burgeoning population; its yield is significantly limited by too little water in the rhizosphere. The ramifications of water deficiency on the wheat crop can be reduced by the application of vermicompost. With the objective to cope with drought stress, a wire-house experiment was established where seedlings of two cultivars, viz., Faisalabad-08 and Galaxy-13 (drought-tolerant and -sensitive cultivar, respectively) were grown in pots and exposed to mild drought (D1, 45% field capacity) and severe drought stress (D2, 30% field capacity). A control with well-watered condition (70% field capacity) was kept for comparison. Various application rates of wheat straw vermicompost (control (VT0), 4 t ha(-1) (VT1), 6 t ha(-1) (VT2), and 8 t ha(-1) (VT3)), were used in soil-filled pots under drought and control treatments. Our data depicted that compared with control, drought treatments recorded a significant reduction in morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes with maximum reduction under severe drought conditions. Nonetheless, it was observed that soil application of vermicompost, particularly at a high rate, ameliorated the negative effects of drought. Under severe drought conditions, a significant and positive influence on morphological and physiological traits was recorded for VT3 treatment, which increased root and shoot length by 27.55 and 27.85%, root and shoot fresh weight by 26.98 and 28.20%, root and shoot dry weight by 40 and 50.05%, and photosynthesis and transpiration rate by 27.65 and 49.25%, respectively, on average of two cultivars. Similarly, VT3 also significantly ameliorated the adverse effect of drought by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities as it increased superoxide dismutase activity by 14.28%, peroxidase by 27.28%, and catalase by 50% compared to the control treatment. Among cultivars, Faisalabad-2008 showed comparatively more resistance against drought stress. The findings of this work revealed that drought drastically reduced the growth and productivity of wheat; however, soil-applied vermicompost positively influenced the performance of wheat cultivars.