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Öğe Climate change adaptation exertions on the use of alternative water resources in Antalya, Turkiye(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Kılınç, Elif Ayyuce; Tanık, Ayşegül; Hanedar, Asude; Görgün, ErdemThis study presents the payback periods of applying rainwater harvesting (RWH) and/or graywater reuse (GWR) systems as alternative water resources in different building typologies, such as a hospital, shopping mall, and hotel. These buildings are under operation in the Antalya Province of Turkiye, which is a large city having the densest tourism activities. The significance of the work performed through the cost-benefit analyses for the selected case studies basically lies on the water savings while serving to four of the sustainable development goals, namely, clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, and climate action. These efforts may be considered valuable urban-based solutions toward climate change effects. Thorough surveys on the existing selected typologies are conducted regarding their water consumption and probable water savings via reuse activities. As-built plumbing projects and plans are also investigated during the accomplishment of the comprehensive design work leading to the calculation of the total investment and operation costs of the rainwater harvesting and graywater reuse practices. The up-to-date prices are used in monetary terms, and euro currency is used to make the results more meaningful by the interested parties. All the selected typologies undergo cost-benefit analysis for both of the alternative water reuse systems. The payback periods are calculated as 6, 2, and 9 years for RWH and as 5, 6, and 9 years for GWR for the hospital, shopping mall, and the hotel, respectively. The water savings for RWH varied between 20% and 50% whereas for GWR, the range was 48%-99%. Both of the systems are performed for the shopping mall simultaneously, and the resulting payback period is found to be 5 years, and water saving reached 72%. Recent information on the amortization periods in the literature states that less than a decade demonstrates achievable and highly acceptable applications. As such, the design attempts in this study also correlated with these findings. However, feasibility of these practices may be increased by encouraging the public on their utility and benefit of water savings. As is the case in many of the developed countries, incentives like tax reductions and even exemptions may be realized to achieve better applicability of these alternative technologies.Öğe Feasibility Study on Rainwater Harvesting of Two Hotels in Different Locations and Features(Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 2024) Kılınç, Elif Ayyüce; Hanedar, Asude; Tanık, Aysegul; Görgün, ErdemProtecting limited water resources and evaluating alternative water resources are among the important issues of today, as such, Water Efficiency Campaign has been declared in our country in 2023. In this context, rainwater harvesting, one of the accepted alternative options among urban nature-based solutions and green infrastructure applications that can save water from municipal lines in buildings, contribute to the protection of our natural water resources. In this study, the saving rates that may be obtained from the rainwater collected from the roofs of two different hotel complexes in Antalya and Izmir, especially through flush water and green area irrigation, as well as investment and operating costs, were studied in detail and payback periods were calculated. Both hotel examples are real cases; while the hotel in Izmir is a single multi-storey building at the planning stage whereas the hotel in Antalya is a holiday village and is an existing hotel spreading horizontally. The water collected from the roofs of the complex in Antalya was intended to be used entirely as flush water. In this case, it was found that 20% of flush water and 3% of total water consumption could be saved with a payback period of 16 years. In the Izmir Hotel, the situation of the same building both at the planning stage and under operation cases were also examined, and the payback periods were calculated as 9 years and 18 years, respectively. The water saving in this hotel is 12%. These feasible examples can be increased and applied to many building typologies; in fact, when evaluated together with the greywater reuse alternative, shorter payback periods may be possible as well as more water savings.Öğe Improvement of the Environmental Permit and License Application Process in Turkey(2021) Hanedar, Asude; Tanık, Ayşegül; Güneş, Yalçın; Güneş, Elçin; Kaykıoğlu, Gül; Görgün, Erdem; Birpınar, Mehmet EminImprovement on the environmental permit application that has been put into force since 2014 by the By Law on Environmental Permit and License (BLEPL) in Turkey has been achieved through a project realized by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization to meet the developing and changing technology, and industry needs. The main outputs derived from this project will be briefly outlined and discussed in this study. Initially, the facility inventory lists were created on provincial basis across the country. The related institutions were then contacted, and the provincial and sectoral information of the enterprises that could be within the scope of BLEPL was obtained. On the country basis, 548.323 facilities were evaluated in which 142.477 facilities were classified as permitted, out of scope, in scope and not permitted. According to the data obtained by compiling the facility inventories within the scope of BLEPL constituted only 15% of the existing facilities that were included in the scope of the permit. Annex-1 and Annex-2 of BLEPL were also revised. Moreover, each of the items in the annex lists were evaluated separately and the necessary scope/limit/threshold value/terminology revisions were made. By the amendments made in the annex lists; the number of items decreased to 245 from 272, 24 new items were added and 21 items were removed. Within the study, sectoral guidelines were prepared for each additional item to ensure integrity in permit-license applications throughout the country, and to conduct a scoping study based on accurate, practical and specific standards. Other work packages completed can be addressed as the support, credit and incentive processes carried out by institutions and organizations to increase the efficiency of the documents organized in the implementation of the regulation, studies for searching the documents in question in public tenders, and making suggestions to improve the processes and procedures that the facilities are subject to.Öğe Projected Changes in Climate Extremes Using a High-Resolution Regional Climate Model over Türkiye(CRC Press, 2024) İncecik, Selahattin; Ünal, Yurdanur S.; Açar, Merve; Çağlar, Ferat; Hanedar, Asude; Gözen, Ceren Ballı; Görgün, ErdemProjections of changes in climate extremes are important in evaluating the potential impacts of climate change on the environmental and natural systems. The objective of this study is to assess the changes in the extreme climate indices over Türkiye. The future projections of a subset of extreme climate indices derived from a regional climate model driven by the outputs of three CMIP5 Earth System Models (ESM) under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios are analyzed. In this chapter, the performance of the regional climate model is examined, RegCM forced by three of the CMIP5 ESMs, HadGEM2-ES2-ES, MPI-ESM-MR, and CNRM-CM5.1, in simulating nine indices of extreme events in Türkiye. ESM simulations are downscaled to the first 50 km coarse resolution over Med-CORDEX domain and then 10 km high-resolution over Türkiye using the regional climate model, RegCM4.3. The simulations cover the periods of 1970–2000 for reference and 2015–2100 for the future with proposed changes under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 (RCP4.5) and 8.5 (RCP8.5). A high-resolution gridded surface climate dataset is of great value for the validation phase of the high-resolution climate models and the daily temperature observations are interpolated to regular grids which coincide with the simulation's grids by using the PRISM (Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model) approach. High-resolution regional climate model performance is evaluated for the reference period by using gridded observations for extremes. Validations of the indices are carried out by comparing the average values from the three downscaling simulations against the observations. From the comparison of mean value and statistical characteristics between observed and simulated indices, it can be seen that the models generally have a good performance in reproducing the extreme indices. The projections are shown in three time slices of 30 years, 2015–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100. The projections show that the increasing rates of extremely hot days (TX35) and summer days (SU25) indices are projected over Türkiye during the third time slice (2071–2100). The increases of these extremes under the RCP8.5 scenario are more pronounced than in RCP4.5 with a significant decrease in frost days for both emission scenarios. Insignificant decreases in heavy (R10) and very heavy rainy days (R25) are projected for the future time slices under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Maximum 1-day total precipitation (RX1d) is projected to slightly increase in Türkiye by all models for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios at the end of the projection period. However, simulations showed that the maximum 5-day total precipitation (RX5) is not expected to change much. A significant decrease in dryness measured by the index of consecutive dry days (CDD) over Türkiye was found in all three downscaled ESM results. This leads to more severe droughts being expected in Türkiye, especially through the end of the century. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Saeid Eslamian, Mir Bintul Huda, Nasir Ahmad Rather, and Faezeh Eslamian; individual chapters, the contributors.Öğe Setting Measures for Tackling Agricultural Diffuse Pollution of Küçük Menderes Basin(2021) Çankaya, Burhan Fuat; Güneş, Elçin; Görgün, Erdem; Karakaya, Nusret; Gökdereli, Gökçen; Tanık, Ayşegül; Karaaslan, YakupWe explained the methodology used in setting the basic and supplementary measures for diffuse pollutants at Küçük Menderes Basin. As the majority of diffuse pollutants arise from livestock breeding and agricultural activities, we focused to propose measures regarded with tackling the pollution from agricultural activities. The types and distribution of diffuse loads were expressed by total nitrogen and phosphorous parameters. We used the results of a yearlong surface water quality monitoring involving physico-chemical, chemical and biological parameters with specific pollutants and priority substances, set in the European Union Water Framework Directive as the AquaTool input data. The AquaTool model was run for attaining the outcomes of a series of measures determined according to the ecological sensitivity of each water body. The removal efficiency of pollution loads provided by the best management practices in agricultural activities and livestock breeding were compiled from literature, and typical removal rates were further determined for the basin. We produced nine alternative scenarios at first cycle for determining compliance measures for mitigating point and diffuse sources of pollution in surface water bodies, and water quality improvements observed in the Model were reported. A number of exemptions were defined for some of the water bodies that could not achieve the environmental objectives at the end of first implementation cycle. 759 proposed measures for tackling diffuse pollution were 81% of the total measures considered. Additionally, the measures for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution were almost equal to half of the diffuse pollutant measures, and 40% of the overall measures listedÖğe The impact of COVID-19 pandemic in medical waste amounts: a case study from a high-populated city of Turkey(Springer, 2022) Hanedar, Asude; Çifçi, Deniz İzlen; Zafer, Nur; Görgün, ErdemIn this study, the amount of medical waste generated in a high-populated city in Turkey between January 2018 and August 2021 was evaluated, and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on waste amounts and waste production rate was investigated. While a total of 79,027 kg/month of medical waste was produced in the city before COVID-19, this value reached 116,714 kg/month after COVID-19. The increase in the amount of medical waste due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the province was calculated as 48% on average. It was determined that 75% of this waste amount originates from public hospitals in the city. While the production of medical waste was 0.86 kg/bed day in the pre-COVID-19 period, this value increased to 0.96 kg/bed day in 2020 and to 1.34 kg/bed day in 2021 with the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the results obtained, the amount of medical waste reached in the province due to COVID-19 is the amount of medical waste expected to be generated in the 2040s under normal conditions. It is a very important issue in terms of public health that the capacity of waste disposal in medical waste management in cities is flexible to respond to severe epidemic conditions. Based on the information obtained within the scope of the study, changes in the amount of medical waste in a city with a dense population under pandemic conditions can be obtained based on real data and projections regarding disposal capacity can be made more realistically.
