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    Determination of the morphometric characteristics of donkey (Equus asinus) populations reared in Turkey
    (Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2022) Gürcan, Eser Kemal; Genç, Serdar; Kaplan, Selçuk; Özdil, Fulya; Ünal, Emel Özkan; Bulut, Hasan; Soysal, Mehmet İhsan
    This research aims to determine the morphometric characteristics of the donkey (Equus asinus) populations reared in Turkey. For this purpose, live weights and body measurements were collected from 500 donkeys. The donkeys were grouped according to the factors of color, age, sex, and province and the live weights (LW) (kg), withers heights (WH), rump heights (RH), body lengths (BL), chest circumferences (CC), chest depths (CD), front shank circumferences (FSC), head lengths (HL) and ear lengths (EL) (cm) of the donkeys were measured. In the study, the males were found to have higher values of live weight, withers height, rump height, and chest depth than the females (p < 0.05). Significant differences in the live weights of the donkeys were seen by province, age, color, and sex (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Significant differences were found among the age groups as well (p < 0.01). Accordingly, the least squares means of the animals aged 1???3 years, 4???5 years, 6???8 years, and 9 years and over for live weight were measured as 112.10 ?? 3.11 kg, 141.54 ?? 2.76 kg, 153.98 ?? 2.42 kg, and 152.95 ?? 2.34 kg, respectively. The least squares mean of live weights were also determined as significant between the female and male animals (138.08 ?? 1.96 kg) and (142.21 ?? 2.25 kg), respectively (p 0.05). The highest correlation coefficient was calculated between live weight and body length among the donkeys (r = 0.83). Furthermore, the classical method (CM) and the fixed object photo (FOP) method were compared for photographed animals in the study. No difference in WH, RH, CD or HL was seen between the two methods (p 0.05). In conclusion, the morphometric characteristics of the donkeys were determined and it was shown that the populations were not distinguished clearly from each other and that this was fundamentally due to the transitions among the donkey populations for long years.
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    Genetic diversity of kappa-casein (CSN3) and lactoferrin (LTF) genes in the endangered Turkish donkey (Equus asinus) populations
    (Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2019) Özdil, Fulya; Bulut, Hasan; Işık, Raziye
    In this study, the kappa-casein (CSN3) and lactoferrin (LTF) genes which were found in association with milk production traits in different animal species were studied firstly in Turkish donkey populations. A total of 108 donkeys from different regions of Turkey were used in order to reveal the different genotypes of CSN3 and LTF genes by using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing methods. To determine the genetic polymorphism, we attempted to digest a fragment of 235 bp of the CSN3 gene and a fragment of 751 bp of the LTF gene using Pstl, and DralI, EagI and MboI restriction enzymes, respectively. Neither the CSN3 gene nor the LTF gene had enzyme recognition sites with the PstI, DralI and MboI restriction enzymes in all of the studied samples. However, the LTF gene was only distinguished with the EagI restriction enzyme. Three genotypes were identified in the LTF gene with the EagI restriction enzyme: GG homozygotes (667, 84 bp), AG heterozygotes (751; 667, 84 bp) and AA homozygotes (751 bp). The transition from guanine to adenine in 89 bp of the LTF gene lacks the restriction site and different genotypes are obtained. This novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been firstly detected in donkeys. According to the results, the G allele was predominant in the LTF-EagI gene in the studied Turkish donkey populations. In this study, all the genotype distributions of LTF-EagI were not found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P <0.05). The CSN3 and LTF genes have not been studied before in donkeys, so the results are the preliminary results of these gene regions in donkeys.
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    Türkiye eşek populasyonlarında kappa kazein (csn3) ve laktoferrin (ltf) gen polimorfizmlerinin araştırılması
    (Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2020) Bulut, Hasan; Özdil, Fulya
    Bu çalışmada, Türkiye eşek populasyonlarında kappa kazein (CSN3) ve laktoferrin (LTF) genlerinde varyasyon, PCR-RFLP ve DNA dizi analizi yöntemleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinden 108 bireye ait genomik DNA'lar materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. CSN3 (235 bp) ve LTF (750 bp) genlerindeki polimorfizmlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla, PstI, EagI, DraII, MboI restriksiyon enzimleri kullanılarak RFLP analizi yapılmıştır. CSN3/PstI, LTF/DraII ve LTF/MboI lokusları tüm örnekler için monomorfik bulunmuştur. LTF geninin EagI restriksiyon enzimi ile kesimi sonucunda; GG homozigot (666, 84 bp), AG heterozigot (750; 666, 84 bp) ve AA homozigot (750 bp) olmak üzere üç genotip belirlenmiştir. LTF geninin 89. nükleotidinde Guaninden Adenine olan tek nükleotid değişimi farklı genotiplerin oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Bu tek nükleotid polimorfizmi eşeklerde ilk kez tanımlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, çalışılan tüm eşek populasyonlarında G alleli, LTF/EagI lokusunda dominant bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada, ele alınan populasyonlar LTF-EagI lokusu bakımından Hardy–Weinberg genetik dengesinde bulunamamıştır (P<0,05). CSN3 ve LTF genleri Türkiye'deki eşek populasyonlarında daha önce çalışılmadığından dolayı bu sonuçlar ilk olma özelliğindedir.