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Öğe A study regarding the fertility discrimination of eggs by using ultrasound(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2017) Önler, Eray; Çelen, İlker Hüseyin; Gülhan, Timur; Boynukara, BanurThe aim of this research was to track the growth of chicken eggs, and make a decision as to whether the egg was fertilized or not. A digital imaging system has been developed in order to take an image from six different points without damaging the egg shell. All the images were transferred to a PC and turned into binary images. All the images were reduced to 1024 pixels and fed directly into the classification algorithm. The logistic regression method was used to discriminate the fertility of the eggs. Python programming language and the scikit-learn machine learning library was used to carry out the classifications. True positive, true negative, wrong positive, and wrong negative detection numbers in the trials were 350, 344, 56, and 50, respectively. Negative indicates the egg was infertile, and positive indicated that the egg was fertilized. The model accuracy was measured as 0.8675.Öğe BİR KEDİDE METİSİLİN VE ÇOĞUL ANTİBİYOTİK DİRENÇLİ STAPHYLOCOCCUS SCHLEIFERI KAYNAKLI TEKRARLAYAN POST-OPERATİF YARA İNFEKSİYONU OLGUSU(Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği, 2023) Sareyyüpoğlu, Barış; Kurtbeyoğlu, Gazel Ayça; Tapanyiğit, Eda; Boynukara, BanurBu makalede, beş yaşında erkek tekir kedide, cerrahi operasyon sonrası operasyon bölgesinde (burun yüzeyi) uygulanan antibiyotik tedavisine rağmen nüks eden yarada metisilin ve diğer antibiyotiklere çoğul dirençli Staphylococcus schleiferi infeksiyonu olgusundan bahsedilmektedir. Kediden farklı aralıklarla iki defa alınan klinik örnekten özel bir laboratuvarda izole edilen suş, bakteriyolojik muayene sonucunda S. schleferi olarak identifiye edildi. Gerçekleştirilen mecA PCR ve antibiyogram testleri söz konusu suşun metisilin ve çoklu antibiyotik direncine sahip olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu sonuçlar, kediye farklı kliniklerde uygulanan antibiyotik tedavilerine rağmen yarada infeksiyonun neden nüks ettiğini göstermektedir. Bu olgu, kedilerde metisilin ve diğer antibiyotiklere dirençli S. schleferi kolonizasyonu ve bu durumun neden olduğu klinik infeksiyonlar hakkında yeterli bilgi olmadığından, konunun iyi planlanan çalışmalarla kapsamlı araştırılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur.Öğe Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis isolates originating from different sources for their virulence factors and genes, antibiotic resistance patterns, genotypes and biofilm production(Shiraz Univ, 2015) Gülhan, Timur; Boynukara, Banur; Çiftçi, Alper; Söğüt, Mehtap Ünlü; Fındık, ArzuIn this study, 72 Enterococcus faecalis isolates originating from humans (n=39), dogs (n=26) and cats (n=7) were investigated for some virulence factors, some virulence genes, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) patterns and biofilm production. Of the isolates, 31 (43.1%) were positive for gelatinase, 11(15.3%) for aggregation substance and cytolysine, 38 (52.8%) for gelE and 34 (47.2%) for asal genes. All isolates were found to be negative for hyl, esp and cylA genes. All isolates were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid and kanamycin. On the other hand, all isolates were cited for susceptible to amoxicillin. Vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC I/C2 or vanD) have not been detected in any of the phenotypically vancomycin resistant isolates. Isolates from humans, dogs and cats were grouped into 8, 2 and 4 antibiotypes depending upon susceptibilities to 12 different antibiotics. In all human, dog and cat isolates, 9, 12 and 2 genotypes were determined by RAPD-PCR, respectively. Nine (34.6%) of the dog isolates were found to be positive for biofilm production. This study showed that multiple antibiotic resistance among human isolates is more frequent than in dog and cat isolates.Öğe Colistin Resistance Profiles and Genotypes of Escherichia coil Isolates from Dogs and Cats(Univ Fed Rio Grande Do Sul, 2022) Sezener, Merve Gizem; Fındık, Arzu; Ergüden, Volkan Enes; Gülhan, Timur; Çiftçi, Alper; Boynukara, BanurBackground: Nowadays, antibiotic resistance has become an important problem, posing a serious threat to both human and animal medicine. Colistin is one of the last-resort drugs for the treatment of particularly caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance of Escherichia coli strains against colistin and the presence of colistin resistance genes (mcr1, mcr2 and mcr3) in them. Antibiotyping and genotyping of all strains was also aimed. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 75 isolates of Escherichia coli from healthy animals (38 dogs and 37 cats) were screened for colistin resistance by cultivation in a screening agar and then microbroth dilution method was performed. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were determined by KBDDM. The presences of mcr1, mcr2 and mcr3 genes were investigated by PCR. The colistin resistant strains were genotyped by using RAPD-PCR, and antibiotyped based on resistance profiles. In the screening test, 1 strain in cats and 2 strains in dogs were colistin-resistant. However, 18.6% of strains (from 14 cats and 3 dogs) were found as colistin-resistant in the microdilution test. MDR status was 76.31% and 97.29% in dog and cat strains, respectively. The colistin-resistant strains showed 78-100% and 65-90% similarities with respect to their antibiotypes and genotypes, respectively. mcr1, mcr2 and mcr3 genes were not found in any of the strains. Discussion: There is an increase in infections brought on by Grain negative bacteria with various antibiotic resistances in addition to infections brought on by bacteria that are antibiotic-resistant. In order to cure illnesses caused by resistant bacteria, the repurposing of outdated antibiotics may be on the table. Colistin is a crucial antibiotic in veterinary medicine, according to a number of published perspectives, although it should only be administered with caution. However, the discovery of the plasmid-derived mcr1 gene and subsequent reports that this gene has propagated around the world. Escherichia coli strains isolated from companion animals have been found to carry the mcr1 (colistin resistance gene), and possible humananimal cross-contamination has been looked into. The findings demonstrated that mcr1-carrying E. coli might inhabit pets and spread between people and animals. The cat and dog strains used in this investigation had variable colistin resistance rates, which varied between trials. Although no isolates were found to be positive for the mcr1-3 genes in this study, it is believed that colistin resistance, which is determined phenotypically, should not be ignored in terms of spreading both in cat and dog populations as well as in terms of risk to human health, given the possibility that resistance could occur with other different mechanisms. Epidemiological research still uses in vitro antibacterial susceptibility patterns. Our antibiotyping method, which was based on an analysis of several antibiotic resistances, provided quantitative data. Commercial software was utilized to conduct the evaluation. There are no reports or publications that provide quantitative antibiotyping data for E. coli strains in the literature. A popular technique for genotyping different bacterial species is RAPD-PCR. By determining if certain specific genotypes are similar to those of other resistance strains, RAPD-PCR and other genotyping data can be compared with antibiotic resistance profiles to determine the specific risk of treatment resistance in infectious diseases. All organisms that were colistin resistant exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, and these findings were also related to RAPD genotypes. The findings indicated that colistin-resistant E. coli bacteria could potentially represent a risk to human health and were thought to be transmitted from cats and dogs to humans and vice versa.Öğe Determination of Biofilm Production, Genotype and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Enterococcus feacium Isolates Originated from Dog, Cat and Human(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2015) Gülhan, Timur; Boynukara, Banur; Çiftçi, Alper; Söğüt, Mehtap Ünlü; Fındık, ArzuThe aim of the study was to determine the biofilm production, genotypes, antibiotics resistance patterns and antibiotypes of 82 Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from dog, cat and human. Of examined strains biofilm production detected totally 72 (87.8%) in 35 (97.2%) dog, 22 (78.6%) cat and 15 (83.3%) human isolates. Genotyping of isolates was performed by RAPD-PCR and 16, 3 and 4 different profiles were detected in dog, cat and human isolates, respectively. In total of 98.8% with a maximum resistance to nalidixic acid and 4.9% with the lowest resistance to vancomycin was found. None of vancomycin resistance 4 isolates, vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC1/C2 or vanD) has been detected. Antibiotyping of isolates was performed with UPGMA and 5 groups of dog, 10 groups of cat and 7 groups of human isolates were determined. The results from this study indicate that healthy dogs and cats are a source of Antibiotic resistant enterococci and may act as a reservoir of resistance that can be transferred from pets to people. Also our results demonstrated that the phenotype and genotype patterns found among enterococci strains from dogs, cats and humans were heterogeneous.Öğe Fusarium fujikuroi, Mucor racemosus: Sultan Papağanı (Nymphicus hollandicus)(2024) Köse, Senem Öztürk; Boynukara, Banur; Bıyık, Hacı HalilBu çalışmada iştahsızlık, kilo kaybı ve dışkıda kötü koku şikayetleri ile getirilen Sultan papağanının (Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1972) dışkı örneği mikolojik yönden incelenmiştir. Dışkı örneğinin aseptik şartlarda seri dilüsyonları yapılarak Dichloran Rose-Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) ve kanlı agar besiyerlerine inokülasyonu yapılmıştır. İnkübasyon sonrası örnekler saf koloniler olarak ayrılmış ve bu saf kolonilerden morfolojik, mikroskobik ve moleküler tanımlamalar yapılmıştır. Moleküler tanımlamalarda fenol-kloroform izoamilalkol DNA izolasyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Fungus DNA’larından PCR amplikasyonu Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarında ve hizmet alımı olarak ticari firmalarda yaptırılmıştır. Sekanslama hizmetleri Innopenta Biyoteknoloji ve Macrogen Europe tarafından yapılmıştır. ITS1 (50-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-30) / ITS4 (50-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-30) primerleri kullanılmıştır. Fungusların tanımlanmasında nBLAST programı kullanılmış ve genetik benzerlik oranlarına göre türler eşleştirilmiştir. Sekans sonuçları GenBank sisteminde kayıt altına alınmış ve kültür koleksiyonuna eklenmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalar sonrasında Fusarium fujikuroi HBF578, Mucor racemosus HBB579 suşları tanımlanmıştır. Literatür çalışmaları incelendiğinde Fusarium fujikuroi HBF578 suşunun Sultan papağanı’ndan daha önce izole edilmediği ilk kez bu çalışmada raporlandığı görülmüştür.Öğe Isolation of Corynebacterium spp. and Arcanobacterium spp. from a chicken with keratoconjunctivitis(Veteriner Hekimler Derneği, 2023) Göçmen, Hüban; Boynukara, BanurIn this study, a case of Corynebacterium spp. and Arcanobacterium spp. infection is presented from a poultry farm in Tekirdağ city. Necropsy was performed on a chicken brought to Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Veterinary Faculty Microbiology Department Laboratory with complaints of unilateral severe keratoconjunctivitis, facial oedema and respiratory distress. The pus from the eye of the chicken and other necropsy materials (lung, heart, liver, spleen) were inoculated into appropriate media. Routine biochemical tests were performed to isolate and identify the growing bacteria. In necropsy macroscopic examination, a slight enlargement of the heart was observed with congested areas and multifocal colour changes in the lung, in which the eye was completely closed and filled with pus. While bacterial growth was observed on Columbia agar (5% sheep blood) and Tryptic Soy agar, no growth was observed on Mac Conkey and Eosin Methylene Blue agar from inoculated samples. There was no bacterial growth in the liver and spleen samples. The Gram-positive rods and cocobacilli were detected with Gram staining. As a result of biochemical tests; Corynebacterium spp. and Arcanobacterium spp. from the lung sample, and Corynebacterium spp. from the pus sample of the eye were isolated and identified. These isolations were found to be significant in terms of potential disease risk for poultry species.Öğe KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU(Doğa ve Sürdürülebilirlik Derneği, 2019) Boynukara, Banur; Gülhan, Timur; Aydın, MineTüy dökülmesi ve kaşıntı şikâyeti ile Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalına canlı olarak getirilen 1 yaşında bir muhabbet kuşundan alınan ağız svap ve kanat tüy örnekleri mikolojik olarak incelendi. Bu amaçla, örneklerden Sabouraud Dekstroz Agar (SDA) ve kloramfenikol içeren SDA besiyerlerine iki seri ekimler yapılarak bir seri 25 °C, diğeri 37 °C’de 5-7 gün inkübe edildi. İnkübasyon süresi sonunda üreyen küf kolonilerinin; koloni büyüklüğü ve rengi, yüzey görünümü, pigment oluşumu makroskobik olarak değerlendirildi. Kolonilerden Laktofenol pamuk mavisi (LFPM) ile pereparatlar hazırlanarak, mikroskopta konidiaforun uzunluğu, vesikülün şekli ve genişliği, konidianın şekli gibi özellikler açısından mikroskobik muayene yapıldı. Üreyen kolonilerin makroskobik ve mikroskobik incelemeleri sonucu ağız ve kanat örneklerinden 25°C’ de üreyen iki koloni Rhizopus sp. (beyaz-siyah kabarık), ağız örneğinden 37°C’ de üreyen koloni Scopulariopsis sp. ve kanat örneğinden 37°C’ de üreyen koloni Aspergilus flavus olarak tanımlandı.Öğe Morphological and molecular characterization of mucormycosis and other fungal agents in cattle(Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2024) Çiftci, Alper; Biyik, Hacı Halil; Arslan, Sezai; Özt?rk Köse, Senem; Gülhan, Timur; Boynukara, BanurMucormycosis is a type of opportunistic fungal infection caused by the Mucorales order of Zygomycetes. The study’s goal was to characterize Lichtheimia and other fungal agents in Tekirdağ province of Türkiye by morphological and molecular methods. Head hair and skin scrapings of 13 cattle with mucormycosis lesions inoculated onto Rose Bengal Agar, Potato Dextrose, and Malt Extract Agar. After the incubation at 25°C and 27°C, pure colonies were evaluated morphologically and microscopically. For molecular identification, DNA isolation and PCR studies were followed by sequence analysis and the results were compared with the data in GeneBank using the nBLAST tool. ITS1/ ITS4 primers used in PCR study. Fungal species were identified with data verified after morphological and molecular identification. The sequence analyses revealed that 12 samples had L. ramosa HBF570, 7 samples contained A. niger HBF572 and P. crustosum HBF571, 2 samples contained A. chevalieri HBF573 and A. flavus HBF576, and one sample contained A. pseudoglaucus HBF577 and Aspergillus sp. HBF570. The study’s causative agents emerged were environmental fungus species. In conclusion, because of the fungal diversity in the environment, hygiene investigations must be conducted and implemented for the protection of mucormycosis. © 2024, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi. All rights reserved.Öğe Performance of Fodder Pea (Pisum Arvense L.) - Fiddleneck (Phacelia Tanacetifolia Benth.) Mixture Under Different Nitrogen Doses(Natl Agricultural Research & Development Inst, 2014) Ateş, Ertan; Tekeli, All Servet; Boynukara, BanurThe aim of this research was to determine the effect of different nitrogen doses on forage yield and quality in fodder pea-fiddleneck (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) mixtures. This research was conducted at experimental areas of Field Crops Department, Agriculture Faculty, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag located on The Marmara Sea coast of Turkey between 2010 and 2012. The tested variants were: fodder pea 50% + fiddleneck 50%; fodder pea 100% and fiddleneck 100%. The different nitrogen doses and mixtures affected the botanical composition, green fodder and dry matter yields, crude protein, ADF, NDF, P, Ca, K and Mg contents. The botanical composition changed with increasing N doses in all treatments. Contrary to fodder pea, fiddleneck and other species dry weight ratios increased depending on the N doses. The highest change in both fodder pea and other plant species dry weight ratios were observed between control and plots received 150 kg N ha(-1). In fodder pea 50% + fiddleneck 50% mixture, maximum green fodder and dry matter yields were 49.57 t ha(-1) and 13.04 t ha(-1), respectively, by applying 150 kg N ha(-1), which was followed by 45.93 t ha(-1) and 12.24 t ha(-1) applying nitrogen at the rate of 90 kg had. The nitrogen application at the rates of 90 to 150 kg N had significantly increased Ca ratio over control. The maximum K ratio was observed in fiddleneck (120 kg N ha(-1)), having 0.55% and 0.56% P ratios in 90 kg N ha(-1) and 150 kg N ha(-1) applications, respectively. Mg ratio was significantly lower in fiddleneck from plots not fertilized (control).Öğe Serological Investigation of Q Fever in Anatolian Buffaloes(2019) Gülhan, Timur; Tütüncü, Mehmet; Güzel, Murat; Sezener, Merve Gizem; Çiftci, Alper; Kılıçoğlu, Yunus; Boynukara, BanurBuffaloes as in other animals have been demonstrated to play a role in certain diseases transmitted to susceptible animalsand human populations. In this study, serum samples were collected from Anatolian Buffaloes in breeding Samsun and around were examinedfor Q Fever. For this purpose, 184 sera were analyzed with commercial ELISA test kit. Totally 29 (15.8%) were determined positive for Q Feverfrom examined 184 serum samples. Serum samples obtained from Anatolian Buffaloes were examined first time in terms of serologically in ourregion respect to Q Fever. As a result, the data provided within the scope of the research indicate a Q Fever seropositivity level that could pose arisk for our indigenous buffalo population. We concluded that the data obtained from this study can constitute a resource to similar studies in ourregion. The epidemiology of the disease can be elaborated in the light of studies that will be carried out with more comprehensive researches inour region.Öğe Su Samurlarında (Lutra lutra) Görülen Hastalıklar(2016) Boynukara, Banur; Gülhan, TimurSu samuru (Lutra lutra) yarı-sucul yaşayan, etçiller takımının sansargiller familyasında yer alan avcı bir hayvandır. Ekolojik dengenin göstergesi konumundaki bu hayvanlar dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde olduğu gibi ülkemizde de nesli tükenme noktasına geldiği için koruma altına alınmıştır. Su samurlarının mikrobiyal florası çok değişkenlik göstermesine rağmen, viral, bakteriyel, mantar ve paraziter hastalıklardan etkilenebilmektedirler. Pek çok evcil ve yabani hayvan türünde olduğu gibi insan populasyonları ile zaman zaman temas halinde oldukları için, özellikle taşıdıkları zoonoz etkenler açısından bu hayvanlarda görülen hastalıkların detaylı olarak incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir.Öğe The Use of Probiotics in Veterinary Medicine(Doğa ve Sürdürülebilirlik Derneği, 2018) Boynukara, Banur; Gülhan, Timur; Develi, Zeynep ŞebnemProbiotics are defined as non-pathogenic, living natural intestinal microorganisms that produce beneficial effects on intestinal microflora, which have antagonistic action against pathogens in the intestines of the administered organisms. The first study on probiotics was conducted by Elie Metchnikoff in the late 19th century and reported the lactic acid bacteria isolated in fermented milks as a probiotic. The most common lactic acid bacteria used as probiotics are Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Bifidobacterium. Probiotic bacteria shouldn’t be pathogenic for animals, toxin-producing and transferable antibiotic resistance gene carrier should be able to hold onto the intestinal cells, colonize and metabolize unaffected from low pH and bile salts and able to survive during production and storage. The increase in live weight, improvement of utilization of feed and decrease of gastrointestinal diseases are reported after probiotic administration in animals. The current knowledge about commercial probiotic products shows that they are reliable. Nevertheless, the selection of potential probiotic bacteria requires the compulsory safety criteria recommended by the European Union. As a result; although probiotics are not considered to take antibiotics in the treatment of an acute illness, they can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in protective treatment and encouraged to grow in animals. Their use will become more widespread in the future and maximum efficiency will be obtained from animals under different conditions.Öğe VETERİNER HEKİMLİK AÇISINDA ÖNEMLİ VİBRİO TÜRLERİ VE İNFEKSİYONLARI(Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Derneği, 2022) Boynukara, Banur; Cengiz, Seyda; Adıguzel, Mehmet CemalSu ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, dünya çapında hızlı bir büyüme trendine sahip yüksek proteinli kaynak pazarıdır. Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde artan üretim, üretimin karlılığını ve sürdürülebilirliğini olumsuz etkileyen salgınları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Özellikle, kültürü yapılan kabuklu deniz ürünleri, karides ve balıklarda önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olabilen önemli hastalıklardan vibriozis sorumludur. Vibrio türleri su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği için önemli derecede olumsuz etkilere sahiptir ve tedavi oldukça maliyetlidir. Ayrıca su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde vibriozise neden olan türlerin virülans, toksin genleri, konak hücreler üzerindeki etkileri ve sosyo-ekonomik etkileri ile ilgili çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Ayrıca Vibrio türleri, özellikle halk sağlığı için önemli olan zoonotik hastalıkları tetikleyebilen önemli patojenler içermektedir. Bu derleme, su ürünleri hastalıkları hakkında etiyoloji, epidemiyoloji, patogenez, klinik belirtiler, patolojik bulgular, tanı, bulaşma, risk faktörleri ve kontrol önlemleri dahil olmak üzere çeşitli güncellenmiş temel bilgileri vurgulamaktadır.
