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Öğe Investigation of Antibacterial Activity of Curcumin and Synergistic Effect with Gentamicin Sulfate(Galenos Publ House, 2024) Baylan, Bensu; Erdal, BernaAim: In this study; it was aimed to examine the antibacterial activities and synergistic effects of curcumin, a phytotherapeutic agent, and gentamicin sulfate on bacteria. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations of curcumin and gentamicin sulfate on Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 3851, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and tested by disc diffusion methods. The synergistic effects of combinations of curcumin and gentamicin sulfate were examined by checkerboard test. Results: It was found that antibacterial activity was seen in all bacteria and the lowest MIC was 7.81 mu g/mL in E. faecalis for curcumin and 0.08 mu g/mL in K. pneumoniae for gentamicin sulfate. As a result of the disk diffusion test, inhibition zone diameters were detected at concentrations of 32 and 16 mg/mL in all bacteria tested. As a result of the checkerboard test, an additive effect was observed in four of the bacteria (P. vulgaris, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus) and a indifferent effect was observed in three of them (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis). The finding of the lowest fractional inhibitor concentration index (FICI=0.75) in B. cereus, one of the gram -positive bacteria, was interpreted as the combination of curcumin and gentamicin sulfate having a partial synergistic effect. Conclusion: This study is the first to evaluate the synergistic effect of curcumin and gentamicin sulfate. Antibacterial activity results suggest that curcumin can be used as an alternative agent in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, in order to clearly determine the effect of both the antibacterial activity of curcumin and its synergy with gentamicin sulfate during the treatment process, these results need to be supported by large-scale in vitro and in vivo studies that will include clinical isolates.Öğe Investigation of the antibacterial and anticarcinogenic effects of Inula viscosa methanol and hexane extracts(Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency (RSNPHA), 2022) Erdal, Berna; Yılmaz, Bahar; Baylan, BensuObjective: Inula viscosa is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. This study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and anticarcinogenic activities of methanol and hexane extracts derived from I. viscosa. Methods: The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of I. viscosa methanol (1.56-800 mg/ml) and hexane (0.19-100 mg/ml) extracts was tested using the disc diffusion method. Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used as standard reference strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts were made for each bacteria using the microdilution method. MIC value was determined as the lowest extract concentration at which growth was not observed. Minimum bactericide concentrations (MBC) were determined for all wells after MIC. The anticarcinogenic activity of I. viscosa was examined using the MTT test. MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells were stained with acridine orange and propidium iodide at the IC50 values of the extracts to determine the viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. Results: Zone diameters of the methanol extract for L. monocytogenes, M. luteus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 8, 16, 7 and 9 mm, respectively. Zone diameters of the hexane extract for M. luteus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 14, 7 and 9 mm, respectively. MIC values of the methanol extract were 25 mg/ml for M. luteus, 200 mg/ml for L. monocytogenes and K. pneumoniae, and 400 mg/ml for E. coli. MIC values of the hexane extract were 400 mg/ml for L. monocytogenes, E. coli ve K. pneumoniae, and 100 mg/ml for M. luteus. MBC values were similar to MIC values. IC50 values for MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells were 25 mg/ml and 200 mg/ ml for the methanol extract, and 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml for the hexane extract, respectively. Depending on increased concentration levels, the presence of necrotic and early apoptotic cells was observed among MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells. Conclusion: Methanol and hexane extracts of I. viscosa were found to have antibacterial effects on the studied bacteria and anticarcinogenic activity on MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 cells. Conducting further studies to demonstrate the effects of these extracts on different cancer cell lines and bacterial strains will contribute to the field of complementary medicine. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Investigation of the Effect of Farnesol on Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis Complex Isolates(Ankara Microbiology Soc, 2024) Erdal, Berna; Baylan, Bensu; Batar, Bahadir; Ozturk, Ali; Topcu, BirolThe incidence of infections caused by Candida species has significantly increased over the past three decades. Candida albicans is commonly recognized as the primary causative agent in cases of candidiasis; however, non-albicans Candida species, including Candida parapsilosis, are also frequently defined as pathogens. Treatment -resistant infections arise as a result of biofilm formation, which is one of the effective mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Candida infections. However, the mechanisms of action of farnesol, a quorum sensing (QS) system molecule, on biofilm formation by Candida species remain unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the changes in the biofilm biomass of C.albicans and C.parapsilosis complex isolates in the presence of farnesol and reveal the expression of the EFG1 and BCR1 genes, which are believed to play a role in the production of QS molecules, using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. C.albicans (n= 91) and C.parapsilosis complex (n= 29) isolates obtained from different clinical samples were included in the study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of farnesol were determined using the broth microdilution method according to the M27 -A3 protocol of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The biofilm biomass of the isolates was examined without farnesol and at the MIC-0 and MIC-2 concentrations of farnesol. Changes in the expression of the biofilm-associated EFG1 and BCR1 genes were investigated using qRT-PCR. According to the results of the study, the MIC values of farnesol were detected in the range of 1-2 mM in 82.4% (n= 75) of the C.albicans isolates and in the range of 0.5-1 mM in 72.4% (n= 21) of the C.parapsilosis complex isolates. Of the C.albicans isolates, 27 (29.7%) exhibited a strong biofilm formation and 58 (63.7%) demonstrated a weaker biofilm formation, while these rates were 34.4% (n= 10) and 62.1% (n= 18), respectively, for the C.parapsilosis complex isolates. At the MIC-0 and MIC-2 concentrations, farnesol was observed to reduce biofilm biomass among C.albicans (n= 24, 88.9%) and C.parapsilosis complex (n= 8, 80.0%) isolates that formed strong biofilms and observed to increase biofilm biomass among those that formed weak biofilms [60.3% (n= 35) and 55.6% (n= 10), respectively]. On completion of the qRT-PCR analysis supporting the results of the biofilm experiment, it was determined that the expressions of the EFG1 and BCR1 genes decreased at the MIC-0 and MIC-2 concentrations of farnesol among the strong biofilm-forming C.albi- cans and C.parapsilosis complex isolates, but there was an increase in gene expressions among the weak biofilm-forming isolates. In addition to the antifungal effect of farnesol on Candida species, this study provided data on the efficacy of the MIC-0 and MIC-2 concentrations of farnesol against Candida biofilm biomass. Although our results suggest that farnesol can be used as an alternative agent to reduce biofilm formation in Candida infections, they need to be supported by further studies. Moreover, this research has significance as it represents the first study to determine the EFG1 and BCR1 gene expressions among C.parapsilosis complex isolates in the presence of farnesol.Öğe Kurkuminin antibakteriyel aktivitesinin ve gentamisin sülfat ile sinerjistik etkisinin araştırılması(Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2023) Baylan, Bensu; Erdal, BernaBakteriyel enfeksiyonların tedavisinde tercih edilen antibiyotiklerin yaygın kullanımı çoklu ilaca dirençli bakteri suşlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum enfeksiyonların tedavisini zorlaştırmakta ve oluşacak direncin önlenmesi amacıyla klasik antibiyotik tedavisine ek veya alternatif olarak kullanılabilecek biyoaktif ürün arayışına yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; fitoterapötik bir ajan olan kurkumin ile gentamisin sülfatın Gram negatif (Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 3851) ve Gram pozitif (Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) bakteriler üzerine antibakteriyel aktivitesi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca kurkuminin tek başına etkilerinin yanı sıra gentamisin sülfat ile kombine edildiğinde oluşan sinerjistik etkileri de araştırılmıştır. Antibakteriyel aktiviteyi belirlemek için minumum inhibitör konsantrasyon ve disk difüzyon testi yapılmıştır. Sinerjistik etki çalışması için dama tahtası yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamızda; minumum inhibitör konsantrasyon testi sonucu antibakteriyel aktivitenin tüm bakterilerde görüldüğü ve en düşük konsantrasyonun kurkumin için E. faecalis'te 7,81 µg/ml, gentamisin sülfat için ise K. pneumoniae'da 0,08 µg/ml olduğu bulunmuştur. Disk difüzyon testi sonucu test edilen tüm bakterilerde 32 ve 16 mg/ml konsantrasyonlarda inhibisyon zon çapı tespit edilmiştir. Kurkumin ile gentamisin sülfat kombinasyonunun dama tahtası testi sonucu bakterilerin dördünde (P. vulgaris, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus) additif, üçünde (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis) indiferans etki görülmüştür. Gram pozitif bakterilerden B. cereus'ta en düşük fraksiyonel inhibitör konsantrasyon indeksinin (FİKİ=0,75) bulunması kurkumin ile gentamisin sülfat kombinasyonunun kısmi sinerjistik etkili olduğu şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; kurkumin ve gentamisin sülfat sinerjisinin bakteriyel enfeksiyonlarda tedavi sürecindeki etkisini net olarak belirlemek adına sonuçlarımızın klinik izolatların dahil edileceği geniş ölçekli in vitro ve in vivo çalışmalarla desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışma gentamisin sülfat ile kurkuminin sinerjistik etkisinin değerlendirildiği ilk çalışmadır. Farklı doğal terapötik ajanların bakteriyel enfeksiyonların ampirik tedavisinde antibiyotiklerle birlikte kullanımının antibiyotiklerin toksisitesini azaltması ve antimikrobiyal etkinliklerini arttırması açısından umut vaat edici görünmektedir.
