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    Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginger Extract on Small Intestine Tissue in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2023) Bakir, Buket
    In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of the ginger extract on the TNF-a, IL-1(3, bax and bcl-2 expression in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) of rats with experimentally induced diabetes and also, it was examined the ultrastructure of the small intestine by scanning electron microscopy. Wistar albino rats were assigned to five groups as control, sham, ginger, diabetes control, ginger + diabetes. Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg STZ. Ginger and diabetes + ginger group were administered ethanolic ginger extract (200 mg/kg) by oral gavage. In the diabetes control group, it was revealed that intestinal mucosa thickness increased and the villi were folded over each other in the form of a roll and there were disrupted the integrity. Also, while bax, TNF-a, and IL-1(3 expression increased and bcl-2 expression decreased. In the group treated with ginger, both intestinal histologies and bax, bcl-2, TNF-a, and IL-1(3 expressions were similar to that of the control group. It was observed that ginger has regulatory effects on inflammatory and apoptotic proteins in the small intestine in diabetes. Ginger can be evaluated in the treatment of diabetes and may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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    Hawthorn Vinegar in Health with a Focus on Immune Responses
    (Mdpi, 2024) Seyidoglu, Nilay; Karakci, Deniz; Bakir, Buket; Yikmis, Seydi
    Background: The hawthorn fruit is an interesting medicinal plant that has several biological features, especially related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune-modulating actions, and boosting general health. In this study, we aimed to clarify the immunological effects of hawthorn vinegar on immunity and general health. We also focused on three different production processes to improve the antioxidant activity of hawthorn vinegar (2) Methods: In the study, besides the traditional production of hawthorn vinegar (N), thermal pasteurization (P) and ultrasound (U) techniques were applied to vinegars. A total of 56 female adult Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into seven groups; Control, N0.5 (regular vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), N1 (regular vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw), P0.5 (pasteurized vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), P1 (pasteurized vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw), U0.5 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 0.5 mL/kgbw), and U1 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 1 mL/kgbw). Vinegars were administered by oral gavage daily. The average weight gains, body mass index, and blood hematological parameters were measured, and the Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio was calculated. The plasma IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha values, and MDA, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha values of intestinal tissue, were determined. Also, the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method was applied to determine the expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in duodenum. (3) Results: There was a decreasing tendency in the average weight gains in all vinegar groups compared to the control group. In addition, there was an increase in NL ratio in all vinegar groups, although not significant. There were no statistical differences among all vinegar groups, although decreases were observed in plasma IL-1 beta. Also, the plasma TNF-alpha values showed slight increases in high-dose-of-vinegar groups (N1, P1 and U1), although not significant. In addition, the intestinal tissue IL-1 beta value tended to increase in groups N0.5, N1 and P0.5, while it tended to decrease in P1, U0.5 and U1. On the other hand, there were slight increases in the TNF-alpha values of intestinal tissue in all groups compared to control, although these were not significant. Furthermore, the intensive expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta were determined in groups U0.5 and U1. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that either high doses or ultrasound applications of hawthorn vinegar have positive effects on intestinal health, boosting immunity and general health.
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    Localization of Aquaporin-1 in the Small and Large Intestines of Geese (Anser anser)
    (Univ Ljubljana, 2024) Sari, Ebru Karadag; Bakir, Buket; Arslan, Gizem Fidan; Yildiz, Sevda Elis
    Aquaporins are selective water channels that serve transportation of water across cell membranes, which play a vital role in all cells. In this study, using the immunohistochemical method, the authors intended to investigate the localization of Aquaporin-1 in the small and large intestines of geese. In this study, small and large intestine tissue samples taken from healthy adult geese (Anser anser) (n = 10) were used as materials. After fixation for 24 hours at 10% formaldehyde, the tissue samples were passed through graded series of ethanol and xylol and embedded in paraffin. Mallory's modified triple -staining method was used to examine the general structure of the intestine. The Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex (ABC) method was applied to determine the immunoreactivity of Aquaporin-1. The apical parts of crypt epithelial cells showed strong Aquaporin-1 immunoreactivity in the duodenum and moderate Aquaporin1 immunoreactivity in the jejunum and ileum. Strong Aquaporin-1 immunoreactivity was determined in vascular endothelial cells in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and weak immunoreactivity was found in smooth muscle cells. However, a weak Aquaporin-1 immunoreactivity was detected only in the smooth muscle cells of the cecum and rectum but not in vascular endothelial cells and crypt epithelial cells. The intestine tissue regulates salt transport and hydrostatic pressure differences, enabling the transportation of water. It was suggested that the duodenum and jejunum sections in particular are permeable to high levels of water for balancing the osmotic pressure of the intestinal content. Consequently, with this study, Aquaporin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in the crypt epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelium of the small intestines of geese.
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    The Immunomodulatory Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract on CD4 and CD8 Expression in Spleen of Diabetic Rats
    (Galenos Publ House, 2023) Bakir, Buket
    Aim: This study aims to examine the changes of the ginger extract treatment on CD4 and CD8 expressions in the spleen tissue of rats, in which the experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. Materials and Methods: Forty Wistar albino rats were divided into 5 groups: control, sham, ginger, diabetes, diabetes+ginger. The spleen tissue sections were stained by Crossman's triple staining and the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. Diabetes was induced by 50 mg/ kg streptozotocin injection intraperitoneally in the diabetes and diabetes+ginger groups. Ginger extract was administered to the ginger and diabetes+ginger groups at dose of 200 mg/kg for 30 days. Statistical measurements were analyzed in order to determine whether there was a difference between the groups in terms of weight of the spleen, the number of immunopositive CD4 and CD8 cells, and ratio of CD4/CD8. Results: It was observed that the numerous lymph follicles were atrophied and most of the follicles did not have a germinal center in the diabetes group. Also, it was determined that ginger extract reduced degenerative changes. While it was observed that CD4 and CD8 expression was intense in the diabetes group, the intensity of CD4 and CD8 expression was decreased in the diabetes+ginger group compared to the diabetes group. In addition, it was determined that the spleen weight decreased in the diabetes group and increased in the diabetes+ginger group, which was similar to the control and sham groups. Conclusion: In this study, it was revealed that ginger exerted a protective effect against STZ-induced diabetes in rats and had immunostimulatory effect in diabetic experimental model. Also, it can be used therapeutically in spleen problems and diabetes-related immune dysfunction.
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    Ultrasound-Treated and Thermal-Pasteurized Hawthorn Vinegar: Antioxidant and Lipid Profiles in Rats
    (Mdpi, 2023) Karakci, Deniz; Bakir, Buket; Seyidoglu, Nilay; Yikmis, Seydi
    The hawthorn fruit, a member of the Rosaceae family, is a medicinal plant with numerous therapeutic properties. It has a wide range of variants, with Crataegus tanacetifolia being the most widely recognized species in the world. The hawthorn fruit has various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, immune-modulating, and anti-carcinogenic properties. This study focused on improving the antioxidant activity of hawthorn vinegar via different methods. We also aimed to investigate the influence of its hepatic antioxidant abilities on health and extend the shelf life of the vinegar. In the study, the vinegar was produced from the hawthorn fruit, and thermal pasteurization and ultrasound techniques were applied. A total of 56 female adult Wistar-Albino rats were allocated into seven groups and administered hawthorn fruit vinegar via oral gavage on a daily basis. The experimental groups included rats treated with pasteurized vinegar (HVP), ultrasound-treated rats (HVU), and an untreated group that received regular vinegar (HVN) at two different dosage levels (0.5 and 1 mL/kg). The SOD, MDA, and CAT antioxidant levels were measured using the ELISA method in plasma and liver tissue samples. The total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, AST, and ALT values were quantified using commercially available kits. The levels of SOD and CAT in the plasma and liver were found to be significantly higher in the HVU1 group compared to all other groups. Furthermore, the HVU1 cohort exhibited the highest HDL value in plasma. The plasma LDL levels were comparably low in both the thermal-pasteurized and ultrasound-treated groups. There were significant expressions of both CAT and SOD in the liver tissues of the HVU groups (analyzed immunohistochemically). These results indicated that hawthorn vinegar administration with 1 mL/kg in group HVU1 could significantly enhance antioxidant capacity in the liver and, consequently, overall health. It can be suggested that the possible therapeutic effects of hawthorn vinegar may boost its antioxidant capabilities and contribute to an overall improvement in quality of life.