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Öğe Chemical Characterization of Natural Organic Matter and Determination of Disinfection By-Product Formation Potentials in Surface Waters of Istanbul (Omerli and Buyukcekmece Water Dam), Turkey(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2014) Avşar, Edip; Toroz, İsmail; Hanedar, Asude; Yılmaz, MerveAll surface and ground waters contain natural organic matter (NOM). NOM is a complex mixture of various organic molecules mainly originating from aquatic organisms, soil and terrestrial vegetation. When chlorine is applied to drinking water processes, it reacts with NOM and forms various types of chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs). These halogenated by-products are considered to be possible human carcinogens. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most widely known DBPs. Through the different reaction reactivity of the NOM components with disinfectants, the isolation and fractionation of NOM into more homogenous components is a better way to determine the DBP formation potential in the waters. Characterization of the NOM is also important for the selection of drinking water treatment processes because the US Drinking Water Regulations force water utilities to further increase DBP precursor removal by removing DOC to below 2 mg/L. In this study, using Omerli (OM) and Buyukcekmece (BC) surface water samples which were obtained over a 1-year period, the NOM content was isolated and chemically fractionated by means of XAD resins. In addition, each fraction was chlorinated separately and THMs and HAAs formation potential (THMFP and HAAFP) was investigated. The results indicated that both water chemical phases changed on a seasonal basis. This affects the DBPFP of waters. Hydrophobic (HPO) fraction was detected to be the highest percentage of the DOM in both OM and BC. But in terms of the DBPFP dominant phase, this changes seasonally. These results indicated that OM and BC surface waters include THM and HAA precursors and variations of these fractions are also effective for treatment process selection and attaining consistency in drinking water quality.Öğe Concentrations and sources of PAHs at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey(Elsevier Science Inc, 2011) Hanedar, Asude; Alp, Kadir; Kaynak, Burcak; Baek, Jaemeen; Avşar, Edip; Odman, M. TalatThe chemical mass balance model was applied to atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 326 airborne samples were collected and analyzed for 16 PAHs and Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in the September 2006 December 2007 period at three monitoring stations: Yildiz, DMO (urban sites) and Kilyos (rural site). The total average PAH concentrations were 100.66 +/- 61.26, 84.63 +/- 46.66 and 25.12 +/- 13.34 ng m(-3) and the TSP concentrations were 101.16 +/- 53.22, 152.31 +/- 99.12, 49.84 +/- 18.58 mu g m(-3) for Yildiz. DMO and Kilyos stations respectively. At all the sites, the lighter compounds were the most abundant, notably Nap, AcPy and PA. The average correlation values between TSP and total heavier PAH were greater than 0.5 for Yildiz and DMO stations. The patterns of PAH and TSP concentrations showed spatial and temporal variations. PAH concentrations were evaluated for the PAH contribution from four sources (diesel engines, gasoline engines, natural gas combustion, and coal + wood burning). Vehicle emissions appear to be the major source with contributions of 61.2%, 63.3% and 54.1% for Yildiz. DMO and Kilyos stations respectively. Seasonal and yearly variations had different trends for all sites. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of the Efficiency of Waste Gas Washing Equipments Used in Jewelery Workshop(2018) Avşar, Edip; Hanedar, Asude; Alp, Kadir; Toröz, İsmailDuring the processes where acid and cyanide are used in jewelery workshops, waste gasesoriginates that hazardous in terms of human and environmental health and material. It is necessary tocontrol these originated gas flows with suitable methods and equipment in the workshop and convertthem to non-hazardous forms. For this purpose, waste gas washing equipment which can be used byvarious producers in jewelery workshops are produced. In this study, waste gas stream hazardousemissions removal efficiency of a system produced for this purpose was examined and the measures to betaken for the continuous efficiency were mentioned. According to results; it has been determined that thenitric acid emissions and the sulfuric acid emissions originated from the iron / copper solvation processare reduced by 94.5% and 88.3%, respectively, by means of waste gas washing system. It has beendetermined that cyanide emissions are reduced by 98.7% by washing the waste gases from the bombingprocess by means of washing system. According to results, treated toxic gaseous emission concentrationswere below the limit.values of Turkish Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation (TIAPCR) and Netherlands EmissionGuidelines for Air (NER).Öğe Effect of the Marmaray Project on Air Pollution in Istanbul: An Ive Model Application(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2011) Saatçıoğlu, Tuğba; Alp, Kadir; Hanedar, Asude; Avşar, EdipThis study evaluates how air pollution in Istanbul for the years 2015 and 2030 will be impacted upon by decreasing automobile usage through the Marmaray Project, which is a new transport system to pass through Europe to the Asian continent. To investigate the effect of the project, the existing transportation situation in Istanbul was determined, and then an emission calculation was performed for the city regarding the cases of with and without the.. Marmaray Project for 2015 and 2030. The emission factors and calculations were performed for three types of pollutants, criteria pollutants (CO, VOC, VOC-evaporated, NOX, SOX, PM), toxic pollutants (1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, NH3, benzene) and greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O), by applying the International Vehicle Emission modeling technique. The obtained results were evaluated according to pollutant types, road type and driving modes. According to the modeling results, the rate of decrease in emissions will be 12.4% in 2015 and 11.6% in 2030, for all types of pollutants. Because of the increasing usage of gasoline engines, criteria pollutants will be higher, especially in the start mode. The most important factor for toxic pollutants was fuel type, and the decreasing emissions of toxic pollutants will be created by decreasing automobile usage. The development of vehicle technology will cause a decrease in the emissions of greenhouse gases. When the existing situation was compared with 2015 and 2030, it was clearly seen that the emission rate of the without the Marmaray Project situation had a much faster increase than that of with the Marmaray Project.Öğe Hayvan Yetiştiriciliğinden Kaynaklanan Kokulu Gazların Arıtımında Biyofiltrelerin Etkinliklerinin İncelenmesi(2018) Avşar, Edip; Uyar, Özgür; Alp, Kadir; Hanedar, AsudeÇalışmada hayvan çiftliklerinden kaynaklanan ve amonyak içeren kokulu atık gazların biyofiltrelerlearıtılması araştırılmıştır. Biyofiltreler, düşük enerji gereksinimleri ve ilk kurulum maliyetinin düşüklüğünedeniyle koku kontrolünde tercih edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, çalışmada hayvan barınaklarının aralıklıhavalandırma uygulamasının simüle edilmesi için kesikli düzenle kurulan laboratuvar ölçekli reaktörlerkullanılmıştır. Seri bağlı iki adet reaktöre kirletici olarak, konsantre amonyum hidroksit çözeltisinden havageçirmek suretiyle ile sıyrılarak elde edilen amonyak/hava karışımları beslenmiştir. Filtrelerde dolgumaddesi olarak evsel katı atıktan üretilmiş kompost ve odun talaşı karışımı kullanılmıştır. Farklı yüklemeoranlarına karşılık amonyağın biyofiltrelerde aerobik-biyolojik olarak oksidasyon verimi ve bu verimietkileyen faktörler incelenmiştir. Aklimasyon dönemi dahil 130 günlük süre içinde 1,32-27 g NH3/m3.saataralığında 8 farklı değerde yükleme yapılmış, ortalama amonyak giderim verimi % 97,2±1,8 olarakbulunmuştur.Öğe Investigation of the chlorine dioxide disinfection in terms of disinfection by product (DBP) formation of Omerli raw water in Istanbul(Pamukkale Univ, 2017) Avşar, Edip; Karadağ, Seval Gaye; Toroz, İsmail; Hanedar, AsudeChlorine which is nowadays the most commonly used disinfectant, interacts aquatic organic matter and causes formation of harmful disinfection by products. For this reason, number of researches on chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant alternative to chlorine, increased in recent years. After disinfection via the chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate which defines as inorganic by products are formed. Chlorite total maximum concentration in water is limited as 1 mg/L as by USEPA. WHO limits total maximum chlorite concentration as 0.7 mg/L in water. There is no detailed study has been conducted for determination of the limit value yet in our country. In this study; after 0.25; 0.50; 0.75; 1; 1.25 and 1.5 mg/L chlorine dioxide had been dosed to Omerli raw water samples taken in December, and February; disinfection by products: chlorite, chlorate, THMs, HAAs and water quality parameters such as TOC, chloride, floride, bromide, sulphate and nitrate were analyzed and effect of the pH and contact time also investigated.Öğe Investigation of the Usability of Automotive Industry Chemical Wastewater Treatment Sludge as An Additive to Brick Raw Material in Terms of Firing Process Stack Gas Emissions(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2013) Avşar, Edip; Toroz, İsmail; Hanedar, Asude; Uslu, ErdemThe gradual decrease in the capacity of landfill sites necessitates the use of alternative disposal methods instead of the storage for disposal of industrial treatment sludges, which are not classified as hazardous and non-combustible wastes. The use of these wastes in other industrial areas as a raw material or raw material additive is an important research area, at the present time. By this usage, disposal cost reduction and landfill usage period increments will be provided. In this study, firing process stack emissions are investigated when using automotive industry treatment sludge as an additive to brick raw material. Chemical treatment sludge, which is categorized as non-hazardous. according to the General Fundamentals Relating to Waste Management Regulation (GFRWMR) Appendix-3-B, does not adversely affect the product quality, with additive rates of 5% and 10 to raw material, according to experimental studies on field-scale experimental brick production. During the firing process, stack gas emissions were sampled and measured according to the Industry Originated Air Pollution Control Regulation (IOAPCR), and the Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (HWCR). According to the measurement results, chemical treatment sludge as an additive to the raw material was determined as a useful recycling option; however, it should be monitored according to variable process conditions.Öğe Investigation of the usability of automotive industry chemical wastewater treatment sludge as an additive to brick raw material in terms of firing process stack gas emissions(2013) Avşar, Edip; Toroz, İsmail; Hanedar, Asude; Uslu, E.The gradual decrease in the capacity of landfill sites necessitates the use of alternative disposal methods instead of the storage for disposal of industrial treatment sludges, which are not classified as hazardous and non-combustible wastes. The use of these wastes in other industrial areas as a raw material or raw material additive is an important research area, at the present time. By this usage, disposal cost reduction and landfill usage period increments will be provided. In this study, firing process stack emissions are investigated when using automotive industry treatment sludge as an additive to brick raw material. Chemical treatment sludge, which is categorized as non-hazardous according to the General Fundamentals Relating to Waste Management Regulation (GFRWMR) Appendix-3-B, does not adversely affect the product quality, with additive rates of 5% and 10 to raw material, according to experimental studies on field-scale experimental brick production. During the firing process, stack gas emissions were sampled and measured according to the Industry Originated Air Pollution Control Regulation (IOAPCR), and the Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (HWCR). According to the measurement results, chemical treatment sludge as an additive to the raw material was determined as a useful recycling option; however, it should be monitored according to variable process conditions.Öğe İstanbul Ömerli ham suyunda dezenfeksiyon amaçlı klor dioksit kullanımının dezenfeksiyon yan ürün (DYÜ)oluşumuna etkisinin araştırılması(2017) Avşar, Edip; Karadağ, Seval Gaye; Toröz, İsmail; Hanedar, AsudeGünümüzde içme ve kullanma sularının dezenfeksiyonunda yaygın olarak kullanılan klor, sudaki organik maddelerle etkileşerek insan sağlığı açısından istenmeyen dezenfeksiyon yan ürünlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle son yıllarda klora alternatif olarak, klor dioksitin araştırmaların arttığı görülmektedir. Suyun klor dioksitle dezenfeksiyonu sonrasında suda klorit ve klorat inorganik yan ürünleri oluşmaktadır. Klorit'in toplam maksimum konsantrasyonu Amerika Çevre Ajansı (USEPA) tarafından 1 mg/L, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) tarafından ise sınır değeri 0.7 mg/L olarak verilmiştir. Ülkemizde ise klor dioksit kaynaklı yan ürünler için henüz bir sınır değer bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Aralık ve Şubat aylarında olmak üzere Ömerli ham suyundan numune alınmıştır. Numunelere sırasıyla, 0.25;0.50;0.75;1;1.25 ve 1.5 mg/L klor dioksit dozlanmıştır. Dozlamayı takiben; dezenfeksiyon yan ürünleri olan klorit, klorat, THM'ler, HAA'lar ve su kalite parametreleri olarak da toplam organik karbon (TOK), klorür, florür, bromür, sülfat ve nitrat parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca dezenfeksiyon yan ürün oluşumunda pH ile temas süresinin etkisi incelenmiştirÖğe Partitioning of heavy metals in the ISTAC medical waste incinerator(Global Network Environmental Science & Technology, 2013) Öztürk, Halil İbrahim; Alp, Kadir; Hanedar, Asude; Avşar, Edip; Malak, UfukThis study investigates the partition of heavy metals in slag from the rotary kiln (SL), second combustion chamber ashes (SCCA), filter cake (FC) from a bag filter and flue gas (FG) emissions (both in particulate and gas phases) of the Istanbul medical waste incinerator (ISTAC). Eleven targeted heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb and TO in four matrices were analysed for eight different date samples in 2008. The results obtained were evaluated according to the metal species, furnace temperatures and other factors that affect the formation and accumulation of the metals in the incineration cycle. According to the results, combustion temperatures, reactor configuration and waste contents are the dominant parameters determining the volatility and partitioning of metals in the combustion systems. The biggest waste portions were obtained for the SL and the dominant metal species for the SL and SCCA were Cu (505,9 +/- 99,3 and 697,4 +/- 577,7 mg per kg dry mass for SL and SCCA respectively) and Mn (238,0 +/- 154,6 and 199,9 +/- 180,4 mg per kg dry mass for SL and SCCA respectively). In the FC, the dominant species was Cu (166,8 +/- 128,1 mg per kg dry mass) and this was followed by Mn, Ni and Hg. It is thought that cement and activated lignite, which were added to the process as adsorbent materials, were affecting the contents of the FC. Metals were divided into particulate and gas phases and maximum concentrations were observed for Ni, Mn and Cr in a particulate phase of FG. Emission factors were considered and mass balance calculations for metals were also conducted in the study.Öğe Physical Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter and Determination of Disinfection By-Product Formation Potentials in Istanbul Surface Waters(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2015) Avşar, Edip; Toroz, İsmail; Hanedar, AsudeNatural organic matter (NOM) is a complex mixture of various organic molecules mainly originating from aquatic organisms, soil and terrestrial vegetation which enters surface and ground waters. Through the different reaction reactivity of the NOM components with disinfectants, isolation and fractionation of NOM into more homogenous components is the better way of determining the DBP formation potential of the waters. Within the aim and scope of this paper, raw water samples were taken from Buyuk-cekmece (BC) and Omerli (OM) surface water sources which supply drinking water to Istanbul, in eight different months between February 2010 and February 2011. At first water quality parameters were analysed. Then, the physical structure of the waters' dissolved organic matter (DOM) content, seasonal variations of this structure, reactivity of DOM by means of DBP production and the effects of the seasonal variations on this reactivity were investigated. In terms of specific reactivity of the OM and BC physical fractions, <1kDa fraction was determined as the most reactive fraction for STHMFP and SHAAFP per mg DOM. >5kDa fraction was also determined as the most reactive part of the DOM in terms of SAOXFP for both waters. Both of the waters SUVA values were increased due to the increase of DOM molecular weight but there was no similar trend in the formation of by-products. The main reason for this situation is the lower SUVA and DOM values of the waters investigated. In this context, it can be said that OM and BC waters have special characteristics.Öğe Stabilization and solidification of electric arc furnace dust originating from steel industry by using low grade MgO(Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Inst Environ Eng Pas, 2015) Bayraktar, Ahmet Can; Avşar, Edip; Toroz, İsmail; Alp, Kadir; Hanedar, AsudeIn this study, solidification/stabilization (S/S) of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) which is generated during the production of steel from scrap metals and classified as hazardous waste were investigated by using different ratios of cement and low grade MgO (LG MgO) as binding agents. Type I PC 42.5 R portland cement and LG MgO which contains 70-80% MgO were used. S/S blocks that contain different ratios of binding agents which have 1/0.5 - 1/1 - 1/2 - 1/3 - 1/4 - 1/5 cement/LG MgO ratio and S/S blocks which contain only cement and no LG MgO agents were prepared. These blocks, which contain 3 different waste ratios according to weight, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively, were produced and exposed to 28-day water purification. At the end of the purification process, S/S blocks were extracted using TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) tests in order to determine the leaching behavior of Zn, Pb, and Cd in S/S blocks. By the end of this study, it was concluded that the recovery of EAFD is possible and applicable by immobilization. The findings of the study concluded that environmental performances or structural properties of blocks contain 30% waste by weight are suitable. This method is a proper one for recovering and treatment of EAFD with mixture of cement and LG MgO.Öğe Toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Hanedar, Asude; Alp, Kadir; Kaynak, Burcak; Avşar, EdipThis paper focuses on the toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three monitoring stations in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 326 airborne samples were collected and analyzed for 16 PAHs and Total Suspended Particles (TSP) for the period of September 2006-December 2007. The total average PAH concentrations were 100.7 +/- 613, 84.6 +/- 46.7 and 25.1 +/- 13.3 ng m(-3) and the TSP concentrations were 101.2 +/- 53.2, 152.3 +/- 99.1, 49.8 +/- 18.6 mu g m(-3) for URB1, URB2 and RUR stations, respectively. Benzo(a)Pyren (BaP) toxic equivalency factors to PAH concentration values were calculated indicating that the health risk of BaP and DiBenz(a,h)Anthracene (markers of traffic emissions) have the highest contribution compared to all of the other species measured at the sampling sites. In order to determine PAH sources, two different source apportionment techniques were applied to the measurements; diagnostic ratios (DR) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The results of the two applications were compatible indicating the vehicle emissions especially diesel engines - as the major source for urban stations. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
