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Öğe Effect of Spatial Variability of Plant Nutrients on Fertilizer Requirement and Yield in Table Olive Growing(Springer, 2025) Akdemir, Bahattin; Saglam, Cihangir; Belliturk, Korkmaz; Makaraci, Ahmet Zafer; Sener, Mehmet; Urusan, Ahmet Yucel; Atik, MurtazaThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of spatial variability of plant nutrients in soil and leaf on the fertilizer requirements of table olives and yield. The olive variety was 'Gemlik' cultivar. An orchard was divided into variable-rate and fixed-rate fertilization parts. Variable-rate fertilization was applied to 67 trees and fixed-rate fertilization to 64 trees. The number of soil samples was 27. Soil samples were taken from 0-0.3 m and 0.3-0.6 m. Spatial variability maps of plant nutrients were produced. Fertilizer requirements of each sampling grid were calculated. Each tree was harvested and yield maps were created. Clay (C), silty clay (SiC), clay loam (CL), silty clay loam (SiCL), and silty loam (SiL) soil textures were determined. Clay loam texture was dominant at both sampling depths. pH values for the soil samples at 0-0.3 m depth varied between 6.71 and 7.82 for variable-rate fertilization and 6.98 and 7.99 for fixed rate part. Nutrient requirements were determined as 38.17 kg nitrogen (N), 19.9 kg P2O5, and 92.7 kg K2O for variable-rate applications. Pure nutrient amounts of uniform rate were 48.0 kg N, 17.6 kg P2O5, and 96.0 kg K2O for 2014. Mean yield was 7.78 kg/tree for variable-rate and 6.85 kg/tree for fixed-rate fertilization. Spatial variability in the orchards affects fertilizer requirements. Conventional fertilization should be changed because excessive use of fertilizers increases cost of production and environmental effects. Variable-rate fertilization is suggested to decrease the amount of fertilizer and increase the yield. Sensors can be used to determine spatial variability and fertilizer requirements.Öğe Spatial Variability of NDVI and SPAD for Variable- and Fixed-Rate Fertilization in Olive Orchards(Springer, 2022) Atik, Murtaza; Akdemir, BahattinThe aim of this study was to determine the spatial variability of fertilization requirements by using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) data for olive orchards. The research was carried out in Ayvalik, Turkey. The olive orchard was divided into two parts to measure NDVI and SPAD for variable-rate fertilization and fixed-rate fertilization. The NDVI was measured with a GreenSeeker sensor and SPAD readings were made with a SpadMeter. Geographic coordinates of the NDVI and SPAD measurements were also determined by a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). After applying these fertilization methods, NDVI and SPAD measurements were recorded. Soil and leaf samples were analysed in the laboratory to determine the content of plant nutrients for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). Spatial variability maps were created for NDVI and SPAD values. According to the statistical analyses, NDVI values varied between 0.577 and 0.838 and the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated as 6.45% for all measurements. The average NDVI was determined as 0.739 and the CV was 7.04% for fixed-rate fertilization and 0.734 and 5.87% for variable-rate fertilization. Differences between NDVI measurements for fixed-rate fertilization and variable-rate fertilization were not statistically significant according to t-test results (t = 0.524, p > 0.05). The NDVI measurements were made around trees and the GreenSeeker sensor measured NDVIs from a mixture of leaves, branches and air for each olive tree; this situation affected the NDVI measurements. In addition, the colour, shape and content of the olive leaf also affected the NDVI measurements.Öğe Traktörler ve kendi yürür iş makinaları için çok amaçlı elektro-hidrolik direksiyon valfi tasarımı ve prototip üretimi(Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2024) Atik, Murtaza; Akdemir, Bahattin; Uymaz, GökayBu tez çalışması, traktörler ve kendi yürür iş makineleri için yüksek doğruluk ve tutarlılık sağlayan bir elektro-hidrolik direksiyon valfinin tasarımı, prototip üretimi ve performans değerlendirmesini kapsamaktadır. Tarım sektöründe artan mekanizasyon ve otomasyon ihtiyacını karşılamaya yönelik olarak yürütülen bu çalışmada, mevcut sistemler üzerine yapılan kapsamlı bir literatür taramasını takiben, teorik hesaplamalar ve mühendislik simülasyonları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Valfin bileşenleri arasında oransal solenoidler, çeşitli sürgü tipleri ve farklı yaylar yer almakta olup, strok-kuvvet grafikleri karşılaştırılarak en uygun bileşenler belirlenmiştir. Yapısal analizler ANSYS Workbench ve Simcenter Amesim yazılımları kullanılarak yapılmış, ayrıca sürgü strok-debi testleri ve ODS valfinin basınç kaybı simülasyonları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Valfin performansı, asfalt deneme yolu ve tarla gibi iki farklı saha koşulunda test edilmiştir. Asfalt yolda gerçekleştirilen testlerde, valfin doğruluk ve tutarlılığı değerlendirilmiş, tarla koşullarında ise otomatik dümenleme sistemi entegrasyonu ile performansı analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, elektro-hidrolik dümenleme valfinin yüksek doğruluk ve tutarlılık sergilediğini ortaya koymaktadır; asfalt yolundaki testlerde toplam sapma 8.68 mm, ortalama sapma 0.13 mm olarak ölçülmüş, tarla koşullarındaki testlerde ise toplam sapma 119.28 mm, ortalama sapma 2.29 mm olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, valfin traktörler ve kendi yürür iş makineleri için uygun bir otomatik dümenleme çözümü sunduğunu göstermektedir. Gelecekteki çalışmalar için, valfin kontrol mekanizmasında oransal solenoid yerine step motor kullanımının sistem performansı ve enerji verimliliği açısından değerlendirilmesi önerilmektedir. Bu çalışma, tarım ve iş makineleri sektöründe otomatik dümenleme sistemlerinin geliştirilmesine önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır.Öğe Variable Rate Fertilizer Control System for Centrifugal Fertilizer Spreaders(2018) Akdemir, Bahattin; Aydoğdu, Beytullah; Üngör, Murat Gökçe; Atik, Murtaza; Sağlam, NezihiAim of this research is to develop a variable rate controller system includes mechanical part, electronic circuit,application map software and laboratory test system apply variable rate fertilizer application due to requirement of cropinstead of constant rate of application used by farmers generally. Centrifugal fertilizer spreader with two discs, steppermotors, variable rate controller, GPS and variable rate application software were used as materials in this research.Developed variable rate controller and application software were improved. In addition, a laboratory test software wasdeveloped. Laboratory tests of the new control system were realised. 15-15-15 (N-P-K), %46 Urea, 20-20-0 (N-P-K)and %33 Ammonium Nitrate chemical fertilisers widely used by farmers for field crops were used in the laboratory tests.Developed system was worked without any problem.
