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Öğe Characterization and removal of antibiotic residues by NFC-doped photocatalytic oxidation from domestic and industrial secondary treated wastewaters in Meric-Ergene Basin and reuse assessment for irrigation(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Ata, Reyhan; Töre, Günay YıldızAntibiotics are important contaminants that have become an increasingly big problem due to the discharge of the receiving environment. The presence of these organic based pollutants in influent wastewater can inhibit the biological processes and resist to degradation in wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, the consumption of agricultural products, irrigated with water containing antibiotic residues, leads to major harmful effects to the human body through the food chain. In this study; firstly, a conventional characterization was made in terms of COD, TOC, SS, color and of antibiotic residue characterization of untreated raw (influent) and biologically treated (effluent) water from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants located in the Meric-Ergene Basin. After that, photocatalytic activity test was run under visible light for selected antibiotics (Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Sulphametoxasol) which were detected by HPLC MS/MS in excess amount. Finally, for the photocatalytic oxidation, a new generation NFC (Nitrogen-Floride-Carbon)-doped titanium dioxide photocatalyst, which has never been studied in the literature before, was prepared according to the sol-gel method without using thermal processing. Photocatalysts were characterized by UV-vis DRS reflectance and Laser Raman Spectra measurements. All other analyzes were made according to the standard methods. Considering the conventional characterization results; investigated domestic wastewaters exhibited moderate characteristics while industrial wastewater samples had strong characteristics in terms of COD, TOC and SS pollution in accordance with the literature. By the way, contrary to expectations, antibiotic residue results have proved that the effluent wastewater contains more antibiotics than the influent. This can be explained by the fact that, some antibiotics in domestic wastewaters are probably already trapped in feces and cannot be purified by conventional systems since they are released after biological treatment, as mentioned similar studies in the literature. Moreover, by means of 7 h NFC-doped photocatalytic oxidation under visible light, beside approximately % 62 to %79 COD and 62%-86% TOC removal, %99 to %100 removal of antibiotic residue was provided. According to these results, domestic and industrial secondary treated wastewaters in Meric-Ergene Basin can be advance treated, succesfully, with NFC-doped photocatalyst to remove antibiotic residues besides conventional pollutants. This result show that Meric-Ergene discharge criteria determined by Forest and Water Ministry of Turkey can be provided with this new type photocatalytic process and healthy reuse of this river for irrigation will be possible.Öğe Colour removal from biologically treated textile dyeing wastewater with natural and novel pre-hydrolysed coagulants(Turkish Chemical Society, 2018) Yıldız Töre, Günay; Ata, Reyhan; Çelik, Suna Özden; Kırhan Sesler, ŞenayIn this paper, natural (chitosan and starch) and novel pre-hydrolysed coagulants (PACl, PAFC, PFS and PFC) were performed with coagulant aid for colour removal from a biologically treated textile wastewater including multiple dyes (indigo and reactive). According to the experimental results, optimum coagulant dosages which provide the best colour removal for PACl, PAFCl, PFS (%10) and PFCl (%10), were determined as 80 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 3 mg/L and 40 mg/L, respectively, at pH 4 and pH 6,98 (natural pH of studied wastewater, pHnww). Maximum colour removal was determined as 97% for PAFCl, minimum removal was 23% for PFCl at pH 4, while it was calculated as 75% and 52% at pHnww. COD removal was observed as 45% at pH 4 and 55% at pHnww for maximum colour removal. Sludge production rate was measured as 71 kg/d while this rate was found as 60 kg/d at pHnww. On the other hand colour removal efficiencies were determined in the range of 55-88% at pHnww and pH 3 for chitosan while it was calculated as 52% for starch at pHnww and pH 9. According to the results, PAFCl and chitosan were found as the best coagulants for colour removal of investigated textile wastewater. According to the economic analysis results, the best colour effiency were found as 97% with PAFCl and the second best colour removal were found as 88% with Chitosan. Due to lower sludge production than PAFCl and lower chemical costs; Chitosan can be considered as a reasonable alternative for this wastewater. © 2018, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved.Öğe Emerging technologies for treatment of antibiotic residues from wastewater influent/effluent for sustainable environment: A case study with NFC-doped titania immobilized on polystyrene as an efficient technology(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Ata, Reyhan; Töre, Günay Yıldız; Shah, M.P.In this study, 5 urban and 2 industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated. Raw wastewaters and effluents of WWTPs were characterized in terms of both organic and inorganic pollutants and antibiotic residues. According to the analysis results; organic pollutants for raw wastewaters and influents in urban WWTP were measured between 412 and 921 ?mg ?L?1 for COD, 345–421 ?mg ?L?1 for TOC, 61–160 ?mg ?L?1 for COD, 48–83 ?mg ?L?1 for TOC, respectively. However, in industrial WWTPs, these values were determined in raw wastewaters between 1404 and 2367 ?mg ?L?1 for COD, 821–826 ?mg ?L?1 for TOC and in effluents between 272 and 408 ?mg ?L?1 for COD and 97–208 ?mg ?L?1 for TOC, respectively. In addition, in the characterization study of antibiotic residues by the results of HPLC/MS-MS measurements, the amounts of Ciprofloxacin (from the fluoroquinolones), Erythromycin (from the macrolides group) and Sulfamethoxasol (from the sulfonamide group), which are one of the three main groups of antibiotics in the waste water samples, were found in high amounts in both urban and industrial WWTPs despite the biological treatment process. More antibiotic residues (Erythromycin-ERY, Ciprofloxacin-CIP and Sulfamethoxasol-SMX) were detected in untreated raw wastewater compared to effluent wastewater. While CIP antibiotic was not found only one urban WWTP, the highest amounts in the effluents of 4 urban WWTPs were measured between 13,800 ?ng ?L?1 and 38,800 ?ng ?L?1. Moreover, ERY is only detected in high amount in one urban WWTP raw and effluent wastewater as 23,100 ?ng ?L?1 and 5430 ?ng ?L?1, respectively. The SMX was detected in 2 separates urban WWTPs at a value of 19,700 ?ng ?L?1 in the raw wastewater sample and at a value 10,100 ?ng ?L?1 in effluent sample of another urban WWTP. Antibiotic residue removal ratios after Advanced Oxidation Process using specially prepared NFC-doped TiO2 photocatalyst immobilized on polystyrene (PS) cup inner surface at amount 0.45 ?g were determined as 97%–~100% for CIP, 100% for ERY, 86%–~100% for SMX, 57%–64% for COD and 61,5%–72% for TOC, respectively. According to the above mentioned results, this study proved that photocatalytic oxidation processes performed under visible light with a specially prepared immobilized form (PS/Cup–NFC–0.45 ?g) photocatalyst provide higher antibiotic removal from both urban and industrial wastewater. Thus, these results showed us that if the application of NFC-doped Titania, immobilized on polystyrene, can be integrated with an appropriate reactor design on the real/pilot scale, this technology can be proposed as an efficient technology for sustainable environment. © 2021 Elsevier LtdÖğe Evaluation of different nanofiltration membranes for reuse of biologically treated denim textile mill wastewater(Desalination Publ, 2017) Kaykıoğlu, Gül; Ata, Reyhan; Töre, Günay YıldızThe aim of this study was to investigate the reuse possibility with nanofiltration (NF) membranes of biologically treated textile wastewater (COD: 350 mg/L, color: 108.9 m(-1) and conductivity: 2,843 mu S/cm) of a local textile factory (denim washing and dyeing) in Tekirdag, Turkey. For this aim, the flux and permeate quality was evaluated within the context of COD, color and conductivity with different NF membranes (NP010 and NP030) under various pressures (4, 6, 8 and 10 bar). On the other hand mass transfer coefficients were calculated with Nernst-Planck equation based on experimental results. When compared with literature, NF permeate water was found to be alternative to freshwater in textile wet processing. According to the Nernst-Planck equation, the B-s (mass transfer coefficient) and R-s (removal coefficient) values are obtained. R-s and B-s values were determined as follows: 0.982 and 0.994 for COD, 0.995 and 0.959 for color, 0.295 and 0.3403 for conductivity and 6.79 and 3.38 for COD, 4.90 and 0.54 for color, 27.39 and 15.87 for conductivity, respectively. According to B-s and R-s, NP030 membrane was determined as the most convenient membrane for aerobically pre-treated wastewater.Öğe Evaluation of effects of textile wastewater on the quality of cotton fabric dye(Techno-Press, 2017) Kaykıoğlu, Gül; Ata, Reyhan; Töre, Günay Yıldız; Ağırgan, Ahmet ÖzgurIn this study, reuse of biologically treated wastewater of denim washing and dyeing industry has been evaluated by membrane technologies. After that experiments were carried out at laboratory scale in textile dyeing unit by using obtained permeate water samples on 100% cotton based raw fabric belonging to examined industry. During membrane experiments, two different UF (UC100 and UC030) and two different NF (NP010 and NP030) were evaluated under alternative membrane pressures. In permeate water obtained on selected samples, conductivity at the range of 1860-2205 mu S/cm, hardness at the range of 60 to 80 mg/L, total color at the range of 2.4 to 7.6 m-1 and COD at the range of 25-32 mg/L was determined. The following analyzes were performed for the dyed fabrics: perspiration fastness, rub fastness, wash fastness, color fastness to water, color fastness to artificial light, color measurement through the fabric. According to analysis results, selected permeate water have no negative impact on dyeing quality. The study showed that membrane filtration gave good performance for biologically treated textile wastewater, and NF treatment with UF pre-treatment was suitable option for reuse of the effluents.Öğe Meriç-Ergene havzası’ na deşarj edilen konvansiyonel arıtılmış evsel/ endüstriyel atık sularda renk ve antibiyotik kalıntılarının tayini sonrasında toz ve polistiren yüzeyinde ımmobilize fotokatalistlerle giderimi(Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, 2018) Ata, ReyhanKonvansiyonel arıtma metodları ile arıtılmış sularını Meriç-Ergene Havzasın’a deşarj eden Kırklareli, Malkara, Lüleburgaz ve Karpuzlu Evsel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisleri (AAT) ile Çorlu Deri ve Karma OSB ve Çerkezköy OSB Endüstriyel AAT’nde oluşan ham atıksuları ve biyolojik arıtılmış çıkış sularının KOİ, TOK, Renk, Sıcaklık, pH, İletkenlik, Çözünmüş Oksijen ve içerdiği antibiyotik kalıntıları açısından karakterizasyonu yapılarak, miktarı fazla olarak tespit edilen 3 adet antibiyotik ERY, CIP ve SMX seçilmiştir. Ardından, laboratuvar ortamında etkin ve ucuz olacak şekilde özel olarak sol-jel metoduna göre hazırlanan önce toz formda daha sonra polistiren (PS) substrat üzerine sıvanarak immobilize edilen N-doplu ve yeni nesil NFC-doplu TiO2 ile UV görünür ışık altında, sözkonusu atıksulardaki renk kirliliğinin ve antibiyotik kalıntılarının giderim verimliliği, HPLC-MS/MS, UV-Visible (Görünür) Spektrofotometre ölçümleri yanında KOİ ve TOK parametrelerinin ölçümleri ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen evsel atıksuların literatürle uyumlu olarak organik kirlilik açısından orta karakterde bir kirlilik sergilediği, endüstriyel atıksuların ise TOK, KOİ ve AKM kirliliği açısından kuvvetli karakterde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Antibiyotik kalıntıları açısından yapılan karakterizasyon çalışması sonuçlarına göre; biyolojik arıtma işlemine rağmen ilginç bir şekilde arıtma tesislerinde çıkış sularının, arıtılmamış ham giriş atıksularına göre daha yüksek miktarda antibiyotik içerdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, konvansiyonel sistemlerle antibiyotiklerin gideriminin gerçekleştirilemediğini ortaya koyduğu gibi, literatürde belirtilen biyolojik oksidasyon sırasında metabolit oluşumlarının bu artışı sağladığı yorumlarını da desteklemektedir. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında laboratuvar ortamında özel olarak hazırlan N-doplu ve yeni nesil NFC-doplu fotokatalistlerin toz formu ve PS yüzeyinde immobilize edilmiş PS/Cup-N ve PS/Cup-NFC formlarında görünür ışık altında evsel ve endüstriyel arıtılmış atıksuların fotokatalitik oksidasyonu gerçekleştirilmiş ve bunun sonucunda; toz formdaki N-doplu TiO2 ile yürütülen fotokatalitik aktivite deneyleri sonrasında %95 - %100 arasında CIP giderimi, %97 - %100 arasında ERY giderimi, %80 - %100 arasında SMX giderimi tespit edilmiştir. Buna paralel olarak aynı zamanda, %54 - %72 arasında KOİ, %59 - %75 arasında TOK giderimi sağlanmıştır. Toz formdaki NFC-doplu TiO2 ile %97 - %100 arasında CIP giderimi, %100 ERY giderimi, %86 - %100 arasında SMX giderimi ve %62 - %79 arasında KOİ, %62 - %86 arasında TOK giderimi sağlanmıştır. İmmobilize PS/Cup-N ile gerçekleştirilen fotokatalitik oksidasyon çalışmasında ise %95 - ii %100 arasında CIP giderimi, %98 - %100 arasında ERY giderimi, %85 - %100 arasında SMX giderimi ve %50 - %61 arasında KOİ, %56 - %66 arasında TOK giderimi sağlanmıştır. PS/Cup-NFC ile gerçekleştirilen fotokatalitik oksidasyon çalışmasında %100 CIP giderimi, %97 - %100 arasında ERY giderimi, %86 - %100 arasında SMX giderimi ve aynı zamanda %57 - %64 arasında KOİ, %61,5 - %72 arasında TOK giderimi sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca, renk kirliliği açısından da IV. sınıf su kalitesinde olan endüstriyel arıtılmış atıksuların immobilize PS/CupN ile II. sınıf, PS/Cup-NFC ile I. sınıf su kalitesine yükseltilebildiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, toz formdaki fotokatalistlerle antibiyotik kalıntılarının giderim verimi, PS yüzeyinde immobilize PS/Cup formlarıyla yaklaşık aynı mertebelerde bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre, PS yüzeyinde immobilize fotokatalistlerin, fotokatalitik ileri arıtımı sonrasında atık bırakmaması ve tekrar kullanım potansiyeline sahip olmasından dolayı, evsel ve endüstriyel atıksulardaki antibiyotik kalıntılarının gideriminde toz fotokatalistlere alternatif olabileceği belirlenmiştir.Öğe Visible light active N-doped TiO2 immobilized on polystyrene as efficient system for wastewater treatment(Elsevier Science Sa, 2017) Ata, Reyhan; Sacco, Olga; Vaiano, Vincenzo; Rizzo, Luigi; Töre, Günay Yıldız; Sannino, DianaThe photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 particles supported on polystyrene (PS) surface by using a solvent-cast method at ambient temperature was evaluated on methylene blue (MB) dye decolourization. Subsequently, the effect of the new photocatalyst was evaluated in the inactivation of an antibiotic resistant (AR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain selected from the effluent of the biological process of an urban wastewater treatment plant. N-doped TiO2 particles supported on PS were characterized by UV vis DRS reflectance and Laser Raman spectra measurements. The results of photocatalytic tests with MB water solutions showed that MB can be successfully degraded (83-100%) under visible light after 180 min of irradiation. The system was also effective in the phenol photocatalytic degradation. Moreover, photocatalytic process effectively inactivated AR E. coil strain which was reduced by 97% after 30 min treatment. The developed preparation method could be a promising simple and low cost procedure for preparing immobilized photocatalysts for large scale commercial applications to wastewater treatment under direct solar light. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
