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    Ecotoxicological Effects of MPs as Emerging Micropollutants: Examination of Biomarkers, Current State, and Future Perspectives
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Keleş Özgenç, Emine; Özgenç, Enes; Dönmez, Abdullah Hüseyin; Yıldız Töre, Günay
    Known ubiquitously, including in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, microplastics (MPs) are pollutants of concern and their harmful effects pose a growing threat. MPs, especially when considered together with increasing pollution and destructions in the ecosystem, cause deterioration of ecosystem functions and structure, raising concerns about possible negative effects on the environment. The environmental effects of microplastics, which increase especially rapidly in different environmental conditions, have been still discussed by many researchers today. While studies generally focus on the increase and effects of MPS in the oceans and seas, there is still a knowledge gap regarding its status and effects in freshwater and soil. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the effects of MPs on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The toxic compounds used as additives in the formation of microplastics absorb the pollutants in the environment during their stay in the land and aquatic environment and then may cause the development of microorganisms in these areas or threaten the environmental media by being directly assimilated by organisms. Therefore, this situation creates an ever-increasing danger and risk potential for ecosystems, and especially their sustainable presence on land and water creates negative effects on human health and the ecosystem. So, in this context, this book section aims to define MPs pollution in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to determine the ecotoxicological effects observed in ecosystems. In addition to the presence and potential effects of microplastics in soil and clean waters, their effects on human-food security, animal, ecosystem, and human health will be focused on. At the same time, biomarkers of microplastics that cause oxidative stress and damage to microalgae will be investigated. In addition, it is also aimed to present the current challenges and perspectives for future research in the context of microplastics and their effects, which are also known as worrisome. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
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    Micro/Nanoplastic Toxicity on Aquatic Life: Fate, Effect and Remediation Strategy Treatment: A Review on Possible Solution Scenarios for Bioremediation in Real Wastewater Treatment
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Özgenç, Enes; Yıldız Töre, Günay; Çelik, Saffet
    Biodiversity conservation, ecosystem, and public health are negatively triggered by plastics used in all areas of modern life. Micro and nano plastics, one of them, are widely occurring pollutants that have great interest. The increasing levels of micro-nano plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the ecosystem negatively affecting environmental health and living organisms globally because of undeniable prevalence in the air, soil and especially aquatic ecosystem. Microplastics, which have very slow decomposition rates, stay and accumulate for a long time in the environment where they can interact with organisms. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered point sources of micro-nano plastics released into the environment and the last line of defense that creates a barrier between microplastics and the environment. Although microbial species such as bacteria, algae, and fungi can break down plastic, they can not completely mineralize plastic due to various factors such as enzymatic mechanisms, substrates and co-substrates concentration, temperature, pH, and oxidative stress. Therefore, the underlying mechanism of micro-nano plastic formation and specifying the factors affecting their transport, distribution, and deterioration is very important. So far, no specific treatment technology has been developed to specifically remove MPs and NPs from wastewater and sludge, apart from existing conventional treatment techniques. So, the main purpose of this book chapter focusing on current evidence of microplastic accumulation in the aquatic environment and soil, we will emphasize the harmful effects, fate, and remediation processes of existing and potential microplastic types on living things to protect the environment and life on earth. Also, to fill the information gap, recent research innovations regarding the development of purification technologies targeting MPs and NPs will be discussed. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
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    Microalgal-Bacterial Biomass System for Wastewater Treatment: A Case Study on Real Wastewater Treatment
    (CRC Press, 2024) Töre, Günay Yıldız; Gürbüz, Mehmet Ali; Özgenç, Enes
    Microalgae represent all photosynthetic prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Cyanobacteria, previously known as blue-green algae, are prokaryotic, not eukaryotic like other algal groups. Since they are photosynthetic, their production systems are the same as those of microalgae. Microalgae and cyanobacteria form phytoplankton. Since they are used as nutrients for fish and other aquatic organisms, they form the starting point of the food chain in nature. As a result of increasing environmental sensitivities, developments in treatment technologies continue. Because the excess nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients in wastewater that are left in the receiving environment without treatment cause eutrophication and harm the environment. Wastewater containing abundant mineral substances can be a suitable development environment for aquatic plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) if environmental conditions such as light and temperature are regulated. With this type of treatment process, wastewater is treated, and new products can be commercialized. Biomass is obtained by growing microalgae in wastewater. In addition to its use in environmental biotechnology applications such as biofuel, biojet fuel, biofertilizer, and animal feed production, it also finds use in medicine, food, pharmacy, textiles, and cosmetic technologies. While feeding microalgae with wastewater contributes economically to increasing the efficiency of treatment, such wastewater treatment systems, which can generate income by producing microalgae cultures, have become an important option. Feeding microalgae with wastewater not only contributes economically to increasing the efficiency of treatment but also has become an important option for this purpose among such wastewater treatment technologies that generate income by producing microalgae cultures. So, the main purpose of this book chapter is to examine in all detail the studies in the literature on the conversion of cyanobacteria in the microalgae-bacterial biomass-based system into either an energy source or soil-improving fertilizer and commercialization while removing pollutants from domestic wastewater. In this sense, this chapter first reviews the recent developments in microalgae-cyanobacteria-based systems for wastewater pollution control, then discusses the biosorption and bioaccumulation mechanisms of pollutants by cyanobacteria, factors affecting microalgae-cyanobacteria systems and developments and innovative designs on photobioreactors. Finally, the removal efficiency of pollutants from wastewaters by microalgae, which is widely found in receiving waters such as lakes or river flora, was evaluated within the scope of a case study carried out in the literature. According to the case study results, microalgal-cyanobacteria-based technology was assessed in terms of both an effective and low-cost advanced treatment of municipal wastewater and also an alternative energy source or soil-improving fertilizer usage after harvest as biomass-based. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Maulin P. Shah and Günay Yıldız Töre.