A comparative study of short chain and long chain mercapto acids used in biosensor fabrication: A VEGF-R1-based immunosensor as a model system

Abstract

A novel impedimetric biosensor utilizing a biological receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGF-R1), was developed for the determination of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF-R1 was covalently immobilized by coupling with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, which formed a self-assembled monolayer on gold electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize the immobilization process and to detect VEGF. To successfully construct the biosensor current, the experimental parameters were optimized. A Kramers-Kronig transform was performed on the experimental impedance data. The results obtained provided a linear response range from 1 to 6 ng/mL human VEGF. The applicability of the biosensor developed to determine VEGF in a spiked artificial human serum sample was tested. The important parameters related with the biosensors fabricated by using two different mercapto acids were compared in terms of the self-assembly processes, the activation conditions of -COOH ends, linear ranges obtained for VEGF, repeatabilities and reproducibilities, and cleaning procedures. The results of this study revealed that the length of the mercapto acids used for biosensor fabrication considerably affected the analytical performance and the practicability of the preparation of the biosensor.